Readings for general English

UNIT 1 _____ _

Pre-Reading Task

1. How big and how small do you think a dinosaur could be?

2. Why did dinosaurs die out?

The Age of the Dinosaur

Imagine the earth 200 million years ago. Much of the land was very warm and moist all year. This heat and wet air caused thick bushes, twisting vines, and tall trees to cover the land. In this jungle, remarkable animals began to appear.

2 Dinosaurs were a group of egg-laying animals that ruled ~:,~ iaud for about

140 million years. Some dinosaurs were as tall as a three-story building. Others were as small as cats.

3 No one has ever seen a dinosaur alive. Dinosaur footprints, bones, and

teeth were preserved, or saved, in the ground. These fossils are often found in rocks that were once the mud in which the dinosaur walked.

4 Studying fossils gives us facts about dinosaurs. The shape of a dinosaur's

teeth gives us information about whether it ate meat or plants. The skull of a dinosaur tells us what its head looked like. We have found that many dinosaurs looked like huge lizards. They had long tails and scaly skin.

S Why did dinosaurs disappear from the earth? Many people believe that

dinosaurs became extinct because of r, ..:hange in the earth's weather. The climate might have cooled suddenly, killing the dinosaurs. The cause of this sudden change is unknown. However, we do know that dinosaurs were some of the most interesting animals ever to roam the jungles of our earth.

I. Comprehension Check

1. What was the climate like on the earth 200 million years ago?

a. All the land was warm and wet all year.

b. It was dry and hot.

c. Much of the earth was hot and wet all year.

d. It was not so warm and humid.

2. For how long did dinosaurs roam the jungles of the earth?

a. 200 million years b. 140 million years

c. 60 million years d. no one ever knows

3. What was the cause of the appearance of the jungles?

a. heat and moisture b. change in the earth's weather

c. remarkable animals d. roaming dinosaurs

4. What do we know about the size of dinosaurs?

a. They were the size of a cat.

b. They ranged from very small to very big.

c. They were as large as tall buildings.

d. They ranged from the size of a bush to the size of a tree.

5. Which one of the following does not describe the dinosaurs?

a. They had long tails. b. They looked like lizards.

c. They ate meat or plants. d. They disappeared from the earth.

II. Vocabulary Practice

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of the words from the list.

cover extinct

climate remarkable thick

imagine scale

preserved roam

mud

I. Bones of Dinosaurs were .................... in wet earth that became rocks later.

2. This part of our country has variable ..................... .

3.Mr. Hamidi, our math teacher, is ...................... for his being very serious.

4.A heavy snow ..................... the ground this morning.

5. If we continue to destroy the countryside, many more animals will be

6.Two soldiers were lost in a/an .......................... forest.

7.Can you ..................... what it would be like without electricity?

8.Rain turns dust into ......................... .

B. Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Match the words in the box with their antonyms listed below. Write each word on the line.

extinct

moist

preserved

jungle

l. ruined

2. dry

3. living

4. desert

C. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences using appropriate forms from the table.

Verb	Adverb	Noun	Adjective
imagine	imaginatively	imagination	imaginative
moisten	---	moisture	moist
remark	remarkably	remark	remarkable
preserve	---	preservation	preservable
inform	informatively	information	informative
extinguish	---	extinction	extinct

1.a. The art teacher .................... on Hamid's painting.

b.He said that the painting was ........................... .

c.Some students in class also made a few ........................... .

d.The headmaster added that Hamid's work was ............................ good.

2.a. Use your ................... to find an answer.

b ................. yourself rich and famous.

c.Jules Verne, the French novelist, was alan ............................. writer.

d.He wrote very ........................ .

3.a. You must water the plant regularly to keep the soil ............................ .

b.His eyes ....................... with tears when he thought of his dead mother.

c.The wind from the sea brings ........................... with it.

4.a. Many volcanoes which were active once are now ....................... .

b.We may live to see the .......................... of the whale.

c.Parents should not ......................... hope in their young children.

5.a. John .................. the police that some money was missing.

b.It was a very useful piece of .......................... .

c.I learned a lot from this book. It was very ............................. .

d.Mrs. Johnson spoke very ......................... .

6.a. You cannot keep this fruit for a long time. It is not really ............................ .

b.In other words, its .......................... is not possible.

c.Can't we ....................... it by freezing?

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the passage with the given paragraph numbers.

The word dinosaur is made up of two parts: dino- = terrible and

-saur= lizard. (3) ..................... have been found that give us (4) .......................... about

how dinosaurs lived and what they (4) ........................... like. Some dinosaurs were

very (4) ................. and weighed about 30 tons. Some were (2) ...................... and had

wings to fly. Some dinosaurs ate animals and some ate only (4) ................................. .

When the climate on earth changed and plants did not grow, plant-eating

dinosaurs died out. Then the (4) ......................... -eating dinosaurs had no food to

eat. They also died and became (5) ..................... .

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table about the dinosaurs.

Shape	Size		Manner of reproduction
	biggest	smallest

UNIT 2 _____ _

Pre-Reading Task

1. What are rain forests?

2. What do you know about the plants and animals in a rain forest?

3. How do rain forests differ from jungles?

A World below the Trees

You are walking near the edge of a tropical rain forest. The jungle plants are so thick, so close together, that you must slowly push your way through. Then the jungle ends, and you enter the rain forest itself. Here the distance, or space, between the plants is greater.

2 A tropical rain forest is made up of different levels. The top level is a

ceiling of treetops. Measured from the ground up, the treetops reach 100 to 200 feet in height. The middle level is made up of shorter trees and bushes. Here, many animals and insects live. The number of different kinds of insects alone is well over one thousand. Plants at the lowest level, the forest floor, are about a meter high.

3 Jungles often grow at the edge of rain forests. But if you compare the

two, you see that they are not alike. Many plants crowd the sunny jungle. Plants are not as numerous on the rain forest floor since it is shaded by the treetops.

4 Today, rain forests are changing. People cut down trees and use the

land to grow crops. As people increase their use of the land, rain forests get smaller.

5 We must try to protect these rain forests. Not only are they home to

many animals and plants, but they also help supply the earth with oxygen. Rain forests give up clean air to breathe.

I. Comprehension Check

1.The main subject of this passage is .................... .

a. animals and insects in a rain forest b. jungles

c. rain forests d. the changing of rain forests

2.The passage mentions ................. different levels which make up a tropical rain

forest.

a. two c. three

3.Animals and insects live in ................. level.

a. the top b. the middle

c. the low d. the ground

4.The height of plants at the floor of the forest is about ...................... .

a. one meter b. well over a meter

b. four d. five

c. 30 meters d. 60 meters

5.The reason why rain forests are changing is that ...................... .

a. there is a ceiling of treetops over them

b. plants don't grow on their floor

c. thousands of animals and insects live there

d. people use the land for cultivation

6.When we compare jungles and rain forests, we find out that ....................... .

a. they are not quite alike

b. plants on the rain forests are as plenty as they are in the jungles

c. jungles are higher than rain forests

d. the distance between the plants in a jungle is greater

II. Vocabulary Practice

A Find words from the passage to match the meanings with the given

paragraph numbers.

1. many (3)

2. how talI something is (2)

3. to get larger in amount or size (4)

4. a measure (2)

5. to give something needed (5)

6. how far it is between things; space (I)

7. to see how things are alike (3)

8. having things close together (1)

9. measures of height (2)

B. Complete the sentences below with a word or phrase from the list.

space well over edge

crop thick tropical

bush crowd numerous

protect cut down supply

1. A large number of people went to see the match and the crowd was

............... at some parts of the stadium.

2.The .................... between these words is more than necessary.

3.There were ..................... 300 people on the plane.

4.You need warm clothes to ........................ you against the cold.

5.Can you imagine life in alan ....................... climate?

6.Please don't ..................... here; there is no room for all these people.

7.He has .................... friends all over the world.

8.Last year we had a good ...................... of rice in these fields.

C. Fill in the blank with a word from the passage that is a synonym of the boldface word in each sentence.

D.The size of a tree ...................... when it grows.

2.There are so many trees and plants in a jungle that they are too ........................... .

to count.

3.Rain forests give animals a place to live and ................................. the earth with

oxygen.

4.How many stages or ...................... are there in a rain forest?

5. The gardener was told to fell two trees in the small garden, so he

............... them .................. .

D. Word formation: Supply the correct form of the given word for the blank space in each sentence as in the example:

thick: The book is 5 cm in thickness.

I. tropical: The climate is very hot at the ........................ .

2.distance: We could see the flash of lightning in the .............................. horizon.

3.compare: It is often useful to make a ......................... between two things.

4.crowd: Buses are ...................... early in the morning when many people go to

work.

5. measure: In the Islamic Republic of Iran we use the metric system of

6.increase: People are ......................... realizing that our basic problems are not

economic ones.

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the following list.

numerous century number

purposes tropical jungle

crops rainfall important

A rain forest is a type of forest that is found in areas of high ........................... and

typically contains a vast ................. of plant and animal life. The best known are

the ................. rain forests of South America and Asia, but there are ......................... _.

temperate rain forests, such as those in the NWUS, Chile, and New Zealand.

In the late 20th ............................... the clearing of these areas for logging, agriculture,

and other ................................. has caused erosion and species loss and perhaps rapid

global warming.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table about the rainforests.

	Levels and their	Uses of rain forests	Differences between rain
	characteristics	Uses of rain forests	forests and jungles
1.		1.	1.
2.		2.	2.
3.

____ UNIT 3

Pre-Reading Task

1. What kind of animals would you classify as cats?

2. Name some circus animals.

3. What factors are needed for an animal to be trained?

Showtime

Animals are an important part of the circus. The animal trainers work hard to put their acts together. Trainers have dangerous jobs. They work with animals that are wild and could turn on them suddenly. That is why the trainers must tame the animals.

2 Most trainers teach their animals to follow commands. Lion trainers

work with lions, tigers, and leopards. The trainers often yell out commands and crack a whip. When they have new cats, the trainers may hold a chair for protection. Much caution is used when working with the big cats. A trainer's back must never be turned toward these animals.

3 It is always fun to watch the circus elephants. These huge animals are

very intelligent. They learn new tricks quickly. Elephants can be taught to walk and dance on their hind legs. But like other wild animals, they can be very dangerous.

4 It is easy to forget that monkeys are wild animals. They are very cunning,

and can be taught to behave just like people.

5 Dogs have been good companions for people throughout the ages. In

many homes, dogs are considered a part of the family. But dogs can also be trained to entertain circus audiences. When commands are taught over and over using rewards, the dogs eagerly respond. Just like the other animals, wh;en it's showtime, they are at their best.

I. Comprehension Check

1. Which of the following is not done by animal trainers?

a. They work hard to be successful.

b. They work with wild animals.

c. They try to make wild animals gentle.

d. They turn their back to big cats.

2.Circus trainers teach animals .................. .

a. to crack a whip b. to obey their orders

c. to turn on them suddenly d. to yell out

3. What animals are wild and cunning?

a. monkeys b. cats

c. elephants d. dogs

4. Which animals are called intelligent by the author?

a. tigers b. monkeys

c. tamed dogs d. elephants

5.The circus elephants can be taught the following EXCEPT ....................... .

a. new tricks b. dangerous acts

c. dancing on the back legs d. walking on hind legs

6.According to the passage, monkeys ................. .

a. are among wild animals b. can be taught to like people

c. easily forget things d. are very intelligent

7.The writer says that dogs ................. .

a. are the best entertainers at the showtime

b. respond better if rewards are used

c. are the best companions of our age

d. can be taught to command circus audiences

8.A trainer must never turn his back to .................... .

a. circus elephants b. cunning dogs

c. wild monkeys d. big cats

II. Vocabulary Practice

A. Find words from the passage to match the meanings with the given

paragraph numbers.

1. not safe (I)

2. people who teach animals (1)

3. great care; interest in safety (2)

4. act of being kept from harm (2)

5. clever (4)

6. to act or to answer (5)

7. those who go along and keep others company; friends (5)

8. to make a wild animal gentle and teach it how to obey (1)

9. signals or orders (2)

10. smart, clever (3)

B. In the following sentences, the boldface words have antonyms in the

passage. Find and write them in the spaces provided.

1.In this area, wild animals are protected and helped to live on ............................... .

2.One must be stupid to believe his lies. . ............... .

3.This part of the beach is not safe for bathing. . ............... .

4.Compared to his elder brother, John is rather dull. . ............... .

C. Complete each sentence with an idiomatic expression from the text. Then

give an equivalent for each expression in Persian.

1.He was ..................... yesterday evening and kept us all amused.

2.I've warned you ..................... not to do such silly things.

3. The footballers were badly disorganized, and the coach was unable to

4. The dog .................. the child and bit him in the leg.

D. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences using appropriate forms from the box.

Verb	Adverb	Noun	Adjective
endanger	dangerously	danger	dangerous
command	commandingly	command	commanding
entertain	en tertainingly	entertainment	entertaining
accompany	---	companion	---
protect	protectively	protection	protective

1. a. The new developments in the country ........................... Hamid's chances of

success.

b.Mr. Ahmadi's illness is serious and ........................ .

c.In war a soldier's life is full of ............................... .

d.Mr. Shirazi is ........................... ill.

2.a. The president was ...................... by some members of the cabinet.

b. The ........... of the chancellor were two of his assistants.

3.a. Very important persons travel under the .............................. of a bodyguard.

b.A mother naturally feels .................... towards her children.

c.Young children must be ................................ from danger.

d.The soldier kept watch over the bridge ................................... .

4.a. The officer ........................ his men to fire.

b.Don't talk to me in such alan ....................... tone.

c.His ............................ were quickly obeyed.

d.The captain of the ship yelled out an order ................................... .

5.a. The circus clown .......................... the audience by his tricks for over an hour.

b.The animals at the circus were really ................................. .

c.He fell into the water, much to the ................................... of the onlookers.

d.The monkey danced so ............................. that the audience burst into laughter.

III. Cloze

Find words in the passage to fill in the blanks with the given paragraph numbers.

Wild animals must be tamed before they can be shown in a circus. Wild

animal (I) ...................... do not have an easy job. They must move with (2)

............... and show no fear. They have onlya whip and a chair for (2) ....................... .

The whip is used along with (2) ............. : ... that are shouted out.

The animals learn to (5) ......................... to the commands. But a trainer must

always be careful. Wild animals can be (4) ......................... They do not make good

(5) .................... They can be dangerous and may attack their trainers.

UNIT 4

Pre-Reading Task

1. In your opinion, how do fish in deep water differ from those in shallow

water?

2. Do you think the sunlight can reach the depth of the oceans? How do

animals manage to live there?

3. Are there sea plants in deep waters?

Life in the Sea

Deep, deep in the ocean, where the sunlight never reaches, live many strange fish. On the average, deep-ocean fish swim about two miles under the water. Some, like the lantern fish, have "lights" on their bodies. Others have enormous stomachs and can eat fish twice their size.

2 Fish in deep water look different from fish that live in shallower water.

This is because food is scarce, or hard to find, in deep water. Plants cannot grow so far beneath the surface because sunlight cannot reach there. So nature has helped fish that live at great depths. It has given them lights and sharp teeth - the things they need to find and catch other fish to eat.

3 Near the shore where the water is not so deep, live fish and sea animals

that we know better. Here, fish hide in green and brown weeds, turtles swim, and seals play. Below the ocean's surface, you can see many colorful fish that are yellow, blue, and red.

4 In shallow water, there is plenty of toad. Many sea plants and tiny water

animals live in these sunny areas. There is even enough food to feed mammoth sea animals, like huge whales.

5 The vast ocean is so large, it can be home to many kinds of fish. As you

can see, the fish swimming in the oceans live in very different ways.

I. Comprehension Check

1. What do deep-ocean fish need to go on living?

a. sunlight and fish b. lights and sharp teeth

c. sunlight and plants d. sunlight and water

2. Why can't plants grow deep under surface?

a. There is no sunlight. b. Food is scarce.

c. Water destroys them. d. Fish eat them.

3. "It" in "It has given them light and sharp teeth" in paragraph 2 refers to

a. fish b. sunlight

c. plant d. nature

4. Which one of the following does NOT describe the deep water fish?

a. They swim about two miles under the water.

b. They have "lights" on their bodies.

c. They have small stomachs.

d. They possess sharp teeth.

5. What do the deep-ocean fish usually eat?

a. lantern fish b. other fish

c. deep water plants d. tiny water animals

6.There are some fish in the deep ocean that ..................... .

a. eat the enormous stomach of other fish

b. can eat other fish twice as big as their own size

c. eat huge whales

d. have stomachs twice their size

II. Vocabulary Practice

A. Find words from the passage to match the meanings with the given

paragraph numbers.

1. deepest parts (2)

2. the middle or usual amount (I)

3. very big (I)

4. huge (4)

5. places (4)

6. difficult to find (2)

7. below (2)

8. all that is needed (4)

9. the top or outer part (2)

10. very large in area (5)

B. Complete the sentences. Put an appropriate word from the list in each blank.

areas nature reach

mammoth depth sunny

vast weeds tiny

on the average surface colorful

1.Not many people live in the desert ........................ of the world.

2.The hunter lives in alan ...................... cottage at the edge of the forest.

3.The Sarcheshmeh Copper Mines is one of the ............................ projects in our

country.

4.The child on the bicycle is so small that his feet can hardly ............................ the

pedals.

5.In some parts of this town, water can be found at a/an .............................. of six

meters.

6.The submarine rose to the ...................... of the sea.

7.Deserts form alan .................... part of this country.

8 ................. 1500 students enter that university every year.

C. Remember that antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Match the words in the box with their antonyms listed below. Write each word on the line.

scarce

enormous

surface

beneath

plenty

1. enough

2. few

3. bottom

4. above

5. tiny

D. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences using appropriate forms from the box.

Verb	Adverb	Noun	Adjective
deepen	deeply	depth	deep
differ	differently	difference	different
---	naturally	nature	natural
color	colorfully	color	colorful

1. a. The two brothers are like each other in appearance, but ................................. .

widely in their tastes.

b.Life today is .............................. from life fifty years ago.

c.There are many .............................. between English and Persian.

d.A teacher. should not treat his/her students .................................... .

2.a. Green, red, and brown are ............................ .

o. High above the mountains, we watched many ........................... scenes.

c.We are going to ................................ our walls green.

d.The author of this novel is known to write ...................................... .

3.a. The cat fell into a very ........................... well.

b.What was the .............................. of the well?

c.Hamid is ............................. interested in chess.

d.The pool is shallow. They are going to .................................... it.

4.a. Fish in the oceans live in their ............................................. state. They are not

domesticated.

b.Plants grow .............................. in such a good climate.

c ................. is at its best in spring.

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the following list.

grew	fossils	jaws	head
developed	animal	fish	eating
place	arr	drinking	land
legs	left	dinosaurs

Fish were probably the first vertebrates to appear on our planet. Some

............... of old fish show that they had no ........................... ; the mouth was a hole in

the ................ covered with thick bony plates.

One of the largest ........................ to 20 or 30 feet. This .......................... was called

Dinichthys, which means "terrible fish ". It was the first to use its jawbones for

Plants were living on land long before land animals ...................................... . Many

changes had to take ................... in animals before they could live on ........................ .

They had to be able to use oxygen from the ............................. They also had to have

some means of getting around, like .................................. Thus, the first vertebrates to

live on land were amphibians which lived both on land and in the water.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table.

Para.	Main idea	Examples	Reasons
1		1.
		2.
			1.
2			2.
			3.
3
4
5

~-_~UNIT5

Pre-reading Task

1. When does a rainbow form?

2. What colors are there in a rainbow?

3. In what places other than the sky can you see a rainbow?

Rainbows

A rainbow is an arch of colors in the sky. This curved shape is formed when the sun shines after a rainstorm. You can see a rainbow only at certain times. To observe it, you need to have the sun behind you. The rain must be in front of you.

2 A rainbow is a spectacular sight. It makes people stare in wonder. A

rain bow has six colors - violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. These colors are also present in sunlight. But they are very vivid in a rain bow. They appear brighter than usual.

3 A rainbow forms because of what happens when light shines on water.

The sun shines on a raindrop. The water reflects the light, or sends it back. The light is broken up into separate colors.

4 Of course, the sun shines on many raindrops at once. Each raindrop

breaks the light into the same six colors. Together, millions of raindrops form a display of colors called a rainbow.

5 Most people have seen rainbows in the sky. But they can form in other

places, too. A rainbow can form wherever light shines on moisture, or wetness. Rainbows sometimes form in small puddles on the ground. The puddles can be made of water. But sometimes a rainbow is visible in a puddle of oil. You can also see a rain bow in water that squirts out of a garden hose.

I. Comprehension Check

1.You can't see a rainbow unless ................... .

a. your back is turned toward the sun c. the sky is quite clear

2.For a rainbow to form we need .................... .

a. spectacular sight b. millions of raindrops

c. sunlight and water-drops d. six colors put together

3. Which statement is not true according to the text?

a. A rainbow has six colors.

b. Sunlight has the six colors which form a rainbow.

c. The six colors are clearer in the sun than in the rainbow.

d. Light shining on water is reflected by it.

4.A rainbow usually forms .................. .

a. in puddles of water

b. in water forced out of a garden hose

c. in puddles of oil

d. in the sky

b. the sun is in front of you d. the arch is behind you

II. Vocabulary Practice

A Find words from the passage to match the meanings with the given

paragraph numbers.

1. able to be seen (5)

2. a storm with a lot of rain (l)

3. show (4)

4. a single drop of rain (3)

5. very bright (2)

6. striking; amazing (2)

7. a curved shape (l)

8. to watch (l)

9. sends back, as in heat, light, or picture (3)

10. water in the air (5)

B. Complete each sentence with the correct form of a word from the text.

1.The road .......................... suddenly to the left.

2.The flowers are a lovely ............................ in spring.

3.She was ......................... into the distance.

4.Tomorrow's weather will be cloudy with ............................... periods.

5.The fireman directed his ............................ on the burning building.

6.The rainwater gathered in ............................. on the road.

C. Supply the correct form of the given word for the blank space in each

sentence.

1.separate: This patient should be ......................... from the others.

2.form: There are different ....................... of government in the world.

3.observe: Some ....................... improvements have happened for the last few

months.

4.reflect: He could see his ........................ in the mirror.

5.display: It's the first time the painting has been .............................. to the public.

6. moisture: The gardener waters the garden regularly to keep the soi [

7.visible: .................... was down to 100 meters in the fog.

8.wetness: Please ..................... the cloth before cleaning the table.

D. Affixes and roots can help you guess the meaning of words. Here are some examples. Study them and find words from the text that contain these forms. Write the words and their meanings in the table. Then think of other examples to complete the table.

fleet = bend

-ible = able to be ... ; capable of being ... (reducible = capable of being

reduced) re- = back

spect = see

vis = see

Affix!	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
root	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
fleet
-ible
re-
spect
VIS

III. Cloze

Read the following story and fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the passage with the given paragraph numbers.

It was early summer when we decided to go on a picnic in G halat, near

Shiraz. When we arrived there, the air felt damp and full of (5) ............................. We

spread our blanket on the ground anyway. As we got the food out, I felt one

(3) ................. fall on my head. Seconds later, alan (1) .......................... was showering

water on us. When it was over, we saw alan (1) ............................. of colors in the sky.

A rainbow was (1) ............................... The storm ruined our picnic, but it treated us to

alan (2) ................. sight!

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table about the rainbow.

Shape	Color	When formed	Where formed
	L
	2.
	3.
	4.
	5.
	6.

UNIT 6

Pre-Reading Task

1. How many layers does your skin have?

2. What is the function of each layer?

How Does Your Skin Grow?

As you grow, your skin grows, too. In fact, throughout your lifetime your skin keeps growing. Stare at your arm for about 60 seconds. Can you see any change? Probably not. Now, with your fingernail, gently scrape the surface of your skin. What you see are tiny specks that are flakes of skin cells. This is quite normal. Every hour your body sheds about one million dead skin cells.

2 Skin is strong and tough. It protects the muscles and organs underneath.

It also keeps dangerous germs from entering the body. What keeps your skin strong? Do you know how your skin grows?

3 Skin is made up of three layers. Each layer has a function, or a different

job to do. The bottom layer is thick and holds sweat glands and nerves, which help you feel. The sweat glands insulate, or keep the body from getting too hot. Cells in the glands make sweat. Sweat reaches the surface of the skin and dries, keeping you cool.

4 The middle layer of your skin has millions of cells. These cells grow and

divide into other cells. As new cells are made, some are pushed to the top layer. The cells pushed to the surface are dead skin cells. The dead layer of skin rubs off. Then a new layer of skin takes its place. This keeps your skin healthy. Your skin keeps growing this way even as a mature adult.

S Imagine, every month you have an almost completely new outer skin! It

would be truly amazing to watch this change happen. But the growth and change of skin is invisible to the naked eye.

I. Comprehension check

1.The function of skin is ................. .

a. to keep growing all the time

b. to protect what is underneath it

c. to keep dangerous germs in the body

d. to stay strong and tough

2.Our skin keeps growing .................. .

a. all through our life

b. every month of our childhood period

c. every hour of the daytime

d. until we are mature adults

3.It is implied but not stated that .................... .

a. sweat keeps the body cool

b. nerves help us feel

c. the bottom layer holds nerves

d. the third layer of the skin contains dead cells

4.Dead skin cells are shed at the rate of ..................... .

a. millions an hour b. about 60 million a second

c. about a million an hour d. a million every month

5.The writer implies that the growth and change of skin ........................ .

a. is visible to the armed eye

b. can not be seen by any means

c. will be amazing to watch

d. is not seen by the naked eye

6.If you scrape the surface of your skin, you will see ................... - .

a. sweat glands b. dangerous germs

c. the flakes of skin cells d. the muscles underneath

II. Vocabulary Practice

A. Find words from the passage to match the meanings with the given

paragraph numbers.

L the length of a person's life (1)

2. to scratch from the surface (1)

3. usual (1)

4. groups of cells that alert the body to feel heat, cold, and pain (3)

5. purpose (3)

6. organs that produce materials used by the body (3)

7. to protect something from getting too hot or too cold (3)

8. well; fit (4)

9. not able to be seen (5)

10. full-grown; developed (4)

B. Find words or phrases in the passage that complete the following contexts.

1.He is a self-appointed ....................... president of his country. In recent years,

he has not been feeling well. That is, he is not ........................... and cannot fulfil

his .................. properly. His problem is with his ............................. ; he easily gets

upset and worried. It might take some time before he can come back to

2.The sweat ...................... are located in the ...................... layer of the skin. They

............... the body from getting too hot. When the ............................... gets to the

surface of the skin, it .................... and cools the body.

C. Word formation: Supply the correct form of the given word for the blank space in each sentence.

1.gently: Students were pleased with the ............................... manners of the new

teacher.

2.normal: You must adapt to the ........................ of the society you live in.

3.function: This machine has stopped ........................ .

4.nerve: The next lesson is about the ......................... system of the human body.

5.healthy: Exercise is good for the ......................... .

6.mature: It will take some time before he reaches ............................ .

7.invisible: The speaker was discussing the .......................... of distant stars to the

naked eye.

8.grow: We must do something about the .................................... problems of the

country.

III. Cloze

Choose words from the following list to fill in the blanks in the passage.

various layers nerve

dangerous skin

organ

organisms functions pigment

consists germ

Skin is a flexible tissue that covers the body of a vertebrate. In mammals,

the skin is a complex .................... of numerous structures serving vital protective

and metabolic ..................... It consists of two main cell ........................ : a thin outer

layer (epidermis) and a thicker inner layer (dermis). The epidermis contains

melanin, the ..................... that gives the skin color. The dermis ................................. of

connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, fat

cells, muscles etc. The ........................................ endings perform an important sensory

function, responding to ............................ stimuli, including light touch, pressure, pain,

heat, and cold. The skin provides protection against outside .................................. and

keeps underlying tissues and organs from injury. Its pigment shields the body

from ................ ultraviolet rays in sunlight.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table. Under "Notes", write what you have learned about the layers of skin.

Functions of skin	Layers of skin	Notes
1.	1.
2.	2.
3.	3.

UNIT 7

Pre-Reading Task

1. There are some animals that live both in water and on land. Do you know what they are called in English?

2. In such animals, a change takes place before they are able to live on land.

Do you know what this change is called?

3. Can you explain how tadpoles and frogs breathe? What kind of breathing system do they have?

From Tadpole to Frog

Did you know that there are more than 2,000 types of frogs? Some live on or near water all the time. Others inhabit land. They live there most of their lives.

2 People who study animals are called biologists. They have found that one

thing is the same about all frogs. Each begins as a tadpole. The tadpole is one stage in a frog's development. It follows the egg stage.

3 A tadpole is not fully formed when it hatches. This is an early stage of its

growth. It lives in the water. Most tadpoles can be found in lagoons. Some live in other quiet bodies of water.

4 The tadpole breathes through gills. It is like a fish. In some ways it is

more like a fish than like a land animal. That is why water is the best environment for it to live in at this stage of its life.

5 The tadpole's body goes through slow, gradual changes as it grows. First,

the tail gets longer. Then the tadpole can swim. It darts around in the water, moving quickly to find food. It eats underwater plants called algae.

6 Soon, the tadpole's body grows legs. At this point, it also loses its gills. It

does all its breathing on land. The tadpole can do this because its gills have been replaced by lungs.

7 The last change for the tadpole has to do with its tail. When it first

hatches, the tail is the longest part of its body. Over time, the tail gets shorter and shorter. Soon, the tail is gone, and the animal becomes a frog.

I. Comprehension Check

1.In the development of a frog, .................. stage comes first.

a. the tadpole b. the hatching

c. the egg d. the tail-losing

2.A tadpole lives in water because it .................... .

a. likes fish b. has gills

c. is not fully formed d. likes water

3.The first change that happens in the body of a tadpole is ....................... .

a. that it can swim

b. that it grows legs

c. the replacement of gills by lungs

d. the lengthening of the tail

4.When ............. , a tadpole becomes a frog.

a. the tail disappears b. the egg hatches

c. the tail is the longest d. it loses its gills

5.The growth of legs happens .................. .

a. before loss of gills b. at the same time as gills are lost

c. after loss of gills d. when the tail gets shorter

II. Vocabulary Practice

A. Read each sentence. Choose a word from the text that means the same as the boldface part of each sentence with the given paragraph numbers.

1. Scientists who study animals sort the frog family into two groups, frogs

and toads. (2)

2. Most frogs are found in shallow bodies of water. (3)

3. Toads live in dry p laces on land. (I)

4. A frog's natural changes caused by growing are interesting. (2)

5. In the first stage of the process of growing, a frog is called a tadpole. (3)

6. It has breathing organs in its head. (4)

7. It feeds on underwater plants. (5)

8. Slow but steady changes happen as the tadpole grows larger. (5)

9. Now it moves quickly everywhere. (5)

10. In this friendly setting, a tadpole will grow into a frog. (4)

B. The words in the box all have to do with the science that studies plant and animal life. Write each word beside its meaning.

development

algae

environment

biologist

inhabit

1. to live in a place or area

2. small plants found underwater

3. natural stages in growing

4. surroundings that affect living things

5. person who studies animal and plant life

C. Remember that an analogy shows how two words go together in the same way as two other words. Write the words from the box to complete the following analogies.

growth

lagoons

gills

gradual

darts

1.Lungs are to people as ...................... are to fish.

2.Hills are to dirt as ....................... are to water.

3.Runs is to horse as ........................ is to tadpole.

4.Slow is to fast as ..................... is to sudden.

5.Build is to house as ........................ is to person.

bto = life -logy = study of

habit = dwell; live place = put; place

in- = in re- = back

-ist = one who ...

Affix!	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
root	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
bio
habit
lll-
-ist
-logy
place
re-

E. Supply the correct form of the given word for the blank space in each sentence.

1.inhabit: The anthropologist wanted to meet the oldest ................................... of the

island.

2. biologist: Scientists who study the life and structure of plants and ani-

mals do ................. experiments in order to find answers to their questions.

3.development: The plot for the novel gradually ............................ in my mind.

4.environment: Building a new factory there would be .............................. disastrous.

5.gradual: The price of petroleum has been ..................................... decreasing for the

past few years.

6.moving: We need a machine with a ........................... arm for picking up objects.

7.replaced: The manager must find a .......................... for Sue while she is ill.

8.change: This part of the country has ............................ weather.

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the list.

swimming spring frogs

inhabit insects tongue

adult muscular

found moisture

Frogs are tailless, freshwater amphibians that are ........................... everywhere in

the world. Some frogs require ................................ and are highly aquatic, that is, they

live in water. Others, such as toads, ............................... land. Frogs have bulging eyes,

short, neckless bodies, long, .............................. hind legs for jumping. webbed feet for

................ , and smooth skin, usually green or brown. They capture ............................. .

and other food with a sticky, forked ............................ Most frogs lay eggs in early

................ , and by the end of summer metamorphosis to a four-legged ...................... .

is complete.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table about the tadpole.

Characteristics	Developmental stages
1.	1.
2.	2.
3.	3.
4.	4.

____ UNIT 8

Pre-Reading Task

1. "bat kind of treasure do you think can be found in an ocean?

2. Is it possible to find sunken ships and their contents? If so, could the findings be of any historical value?

Treasures from the Deep

On a sunny September morning in 1622, a fleet of 28 ships set sail from Cuba. It's destination was Spain. The ships had come to America to gather riches for King Philip. Now they were headed home with treasure. Before two days had passed, however, the ships were hit by a howling hurricane. The ships were sunk off the coast of Florida. The crew and the treasure were lost beneath the waves.

2 Over the years many treasure hunters searched for the sunken Atocha.

Yet it was not until 1972 that the Atocha was found. The discoverers were Mel Fisher and Bob Holloway. They had worked for more than five years to find the ship.

3 It is not an easy task to search for undersea treasure. Through the years,

the ocean had wrecked the ship and buried the hull. The ship's body was under shifting sands. Fisher and Ho11oway used two boats in their search. They had to navigate, or steer, their boats through rough waters. At times the swelling waves hit the boats. These billows filled them with water.

4 The two search boats carried different equipment. Holloway's boat

carried magnets that could find metal far below the surface. When magnets showed evidence of metal, Ho11oway threw a buoy into the water. This was a signal to Fisher. Now Fisher knew where he and his team should go to work. The second boat carried digging tools and diving gear. Fisher told his scuba divers to get ready. They put on wet suits and air tanks and slipped into the water.

5 The first dives were disappointing. But, then one day, a diver burst to the

surface. In his hand were gold necklaces! This was only the beginning. Divers found gold coins and bars of silver. They found cups decorated with emeralds. The Atocha had released its treasure from the deep at last!

I. Comprehension Check

1.It is implied that Philip was .

a. from Cuba b. a treasure hunter

c. king of Spain d. the captain of the Atocha

2.The Atocha was ............... .

a. one of a fleet of 28 ships

b. a member of the crew lost beneath the waves

c. one of the discoverers' boats

d. a treasure hunter searching for the lost riches

3.The ships with treasures were heading for .................... .

a. Florida b. Spain

c. Cuba d. America

4.The lost ship had been under the sea-water for ............................ years when it was

found.

a. 1972 b. 622

c. 5 d. 350

5.Fisher told his team to go to work when ..................... .

a. Holloway threw a buoy into the water

b. scuba divers were ready

c. he found metal far below the surface

d. Holloway's boat carried magnets

II. Vocabulary Practice

A Read each pair of sentences. Look for clues in the first sentence to help you choose the missing word in the second sentence. Then go back to the relevant paragraph given and choose the word that best completes the second sentence.

I.In 1622, the Atocha sank beneath the sea. The (2) ........................... ship remained

hidden for 350 years.

2.The ship had set out for Spain. This (1) ....................... was its home country.

3.The sailors knew how to handle the ship. But they could not (3) ............................. .

it through a hurricane.

4. The sails and rigging of the Atocha were torn away. Only the (3) ............... was left, and it soon sank.

5. Centuries later, people found clues to the location of the lost ship. Now

there was real (4) .................... .

6.The men who found the Atocha worked secretly. These (2) .................................... .

wanted to protect their find.

7.A weighted floating object was used as a signal. The (4) ............................. marked

a possible treasure site.

8.Working underwater requires careful planning. A/An (3) ............................... job is

not easy.

9. Divers worked from small boats despite the huge waves. These (3) ............... nearly overturned the boats.

10.The divers used special breathing gear. The (4) ......................... equipment made

their work easier.

B. Supply the correct form of the given word for the blank space in each

sentence.

1.discoverer: Scientists have made many important ............................ .

2.navigate: There has been an increase in ............................. through the canal.

3.evidence: It must be .............................. to all of you that he has made a mistake.

4.signal: The driver .......................... that he was going to turn to the left.

5.disappointing: To our great ................................ , it rained on the day of the picnic.

6.decorated: The owner of the house is ................................. the kitchen again this

summer.

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text with the given

paragraph numbers.

Lots of treasure may be hidden (3) ....................... But in the search for alan (2)

............... ship, divers have to worry about such threats as sharks. Divers also

have to be concerned about strong winds and (3) ....................... of waves. A/An (4)

............... is often used as a marker so that divers can find their (1) .............................. ,

the place where the treasure lies. If divers become (2) .............................. of treasure,

their hard work will have been rewarded.

IV. Mapping Activity

In paragraphs 1 and 4, two processes are described. Each process consists

UNIT 9

Pre-Reading Task

1. What do Iranian people usually think of bats? Are their ideas justified?

2. Why do bats usually come out at night? How do they manage to see?

Night Flights

Night falls softly over the hill. The air clicks and hums with insects.

Suddenly thousands of little bats fly out of a cave. They rise up in great circles and head off into the night. Clouds of bats continue coming from the cave for about an hour. Before the night is over, each one will eat 10,000 insects.

2 Many people have mistaken ideas about bats. Of all the 900 species of

bats, not one kind is the fearsome creature seen in scary movies. Bats prey on insects .. not people. They are timid like their rodent cousins, mice. It is not true, either, that bats are blind. Although many kinds have weak eyesight at night, a few kinds can see quite well.

3 Bats look quite different from one another. The largest are called fox

bats. These bats are five feet across when their wings are spread. But the bumblebee bat weighs less than an ounce. It is the world's smallest mammal.

4 Most bats use echoes to help them fly. As a bat flies, it sends out short,

high sounds. These sounds bounce back and tell the bat what lies ahead. Maybe it's an obstacle to fly around, like a tree or a person! Another kind of echo might tell the bat that an insect is near. Echoes help bats distinguish among the many different things around them.

5 The female bat carries her newborn pup with her as she hunts for food.

When it is six to eight weeks old, this young bat is ready for test flights on its own. For some species, the longest flight will be when the time comes for migration. At that time, bats fly to a warm place for the winter season.

Some bats fly over 800 miles! Many kinds of bats hibernate during cold weather. They find quiet, safe places to sleep. When spring returns, they will leave their habitat, the cave. Once again they will be on the hunt for insects in the dead of night.

I. Comprehension Check

1.We understand from paragraph I that ................... .

a. bats live on hills

b. at night clouds gather over the hill

c. bats live in caves

d. bats click and hum for about an hour

2.The main idea of paragraph 2 is that ................... .

a. bats and mice are cousins

b. bats are fearsome creatures

c. there are 900 species of bats

d. a lot of people don't know the facts about bats

3. Which one of the following statements is not true about bats?

a. Bats live on insects.

b. People believe bats are blind.

c. Every night, each bat eats about 10,000 insects.

d. People believe bats are timid.

4.It is understood from paragraph 3 that all bats ..................... .

a. look like one another b. weigh less than an ounce

c. are the world's smallest mammals d. have wings to fly with

5. Bats distinguish among the many different things around them through

a. echoes b. their eyesight

c. obstacles d. their wings

6.Some species of bats migrate to .................. places for the winter.

a. cold b. safe

c. quiet d. warmer

7.The hibernating bats ................ in spring time.

a. go to safe places b. return to cold places

c. leave their caves d. fly over 800 miles

8.The newborn pup of a bat is ready to fly alone when ...................... .

a. the time of migration comes b. the mother bat hibernates

c. it is about seven weeks old d. the night is calm and peaceful

II. Vocabulary Practice

A. Find words from the passage to match the meanings with the given

paragraph numbers.

1. a mammal that gnaws with its teeth, such as a mouse, bat, or squirrel (2)

2. te 11 the di fference between (4)

3. group of animals or plants that are alike in many ways (2)

4. frightening (2)

5. to hunt animals for food (2)

6. vision (2)

7. to spend the winter asleep (5)

8. something that gets in the way (4)

9. movement from one place to another when seasons change (5)

10. natural home of a plant or an animal (5)

B. Following is a list of expressions from the text. Put them in the blank spaces in the sentences below to make their meanings complete.

prey on sth once again hunt for sb/sth

in the dead of night

on the hunt for on one's own one another

1.The police have .......................... an escaped criminal everywhere but can't find

him.

2.Large, strong birds like hawks ............................. small birds.

3.Ahmad is home from college ............................ .

4.We help .......................... with the extra work in the summer.

5.Hamid has been living ........................... since he came to Shiraz three years ago.

6.The prisoner escaped .......................... , when everybody was asleep.

7.The police are ........................... further clues.

C. Supply the correct form of the given word for the blank space in each sentence.

1.continue: Is this a ............................. flight between Tehran and Paris, or do we

stop off anywhere?

2.mistaken: The taxi driver in the accident was .................................... identified as a

passenger.

3.timid: Hamid's parents are extremely worried about the ................................ of their

son.

4.distinguish: Short, interrupted sentences are ............................ of this writer's style.

5.migration: These birds .......................... to North Africa in winter.

6.hibernate: Cold-blooded animals go into ............................. during cold seasons.

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with appropriate words from the list.

species feeds furry

wingspan hanging navigate

migrate caves twilight

abundant flight hibernate

Bats are the only mammals that are capable of true ............................ Bats range

in size from less than 1 inch (2.5 ern) to 15 inches (45 em), with alan ......................... .

of from less than 2 inches (5 em) to 5 feet (150 em). The body is .......................... and

mouselike. Bats are most .................... in the tropics, and temperate species often

................ during the winter. Some bats of these species ................................. to warmer

areas in the winter. Most species are often found in crevices, ................................... , or

buildings, and are active at night or .......................... ; they roost during the day, often

in large numbers and usually ................................. by their feet. Most bats see well but

depend on echolocation to ...................................... in the dark. Bats are fruit-eaters or

insect-eaters; one ..................... , the South American vampire bat, .............................. .

exclusively on the blood of living animals, chiefly mammals.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table about the bats. The number of the paragraphs where you can find the information is given in brackets.

Characteristics of bats	People's mistaken ideas about bats
I. (2)	1. (2)
2. (2)	2. (2)
3. (4)
4. (5)
5. (5)
6. (5)

____ UNIT 10

Pre-Reading Task

1. What is positive thinking and how can it help one succeed?

2. What is necessary for an athlete to win in the Olympics? Strength of body, strength of mind, or both?

Mind and Body

Two runners stand side by side at the starting line of a race. Both look very strong and fast. But one runner speeds ahead and wins the race. The other falls behind.

2 Some athletes can reach great goals such as the achievement of an

a lympic gold medal. Others never live up to their promise. What kind of preparation before a race or other event makes the difference?

3 Everyone knows that athletes work out to strengthen their bodies. But

research shows that strengthening the mind may be just as important. Careful study indicates that the best athletes win partly because they think they can win.

4 Thinking positive thought seems to give the edge for success in sports.

People who say to themselves over and over, "I know I can do this," often find they have the advantage to win. On the other hand, people often fail who think, "I can't win."

5 One procedure that helps many athletes is creating pictures in the mind.

They are told to think of each move they must make to win. Some use pictures that are more fanciful. One skater liked to imagine a star bursting inside her, filling her with energy. Another athlete who wanted to feel calm pictured himself as a bird floating in the air.

6 Next time you want to do something well, try training your mind to help

you. Perhaps a teacher or other instructor can help you plan your training. If you imagine yourself doing better, you may soon see improvement in

what you really can do. Positive thinking and pictures created in your mind can help you win!

I. Comprehension Check

1.Paragraph I says that in a race usually .................... wines).

a. some runners b. only one runner

c. two runners d. the strong runner

2.The main point of paragraph 2 is that ..................... .

a. athletes can reach great goals

b. preparing for a race is important

c. achievement of an Olympic gold medal is important

d. athletes must live up to their promise

3.The thing everyone knows about athletes is that they ...................... .

a. train their body to strengthen it b. strengthen their mind to win

c. study carefully in order to win d. win partly because they think

4.Creating pictures in the mind is .

a. a procedure that helps many athletes to win

b. a help to the trainers

c. a procedure which helps athletes think positively

d. a help to the teacher

5.The writer believes that athletes who win are the ones who ......................... .

a. think they will win b. strengthen their bodies

c. prepare their minds d. strengthen their bodies and minds

6.According to the writer, an important aspect of winning seems to be ...................... .

a. positive thinking b. a good instructor

c. physical preparation d. an Olympic gold medal

II. Vocabulary Practice

A Find words from the passage to match the meamngs with the given

paragraph numbers.

I. something that is in your favor or helps (4)

2. teacher (6)

3. confident; sure (4)

4. method of doing something (5)

5. goal reached through skill or hard work (2)

6. make stronger (3)

7. points out; shows (3)

8. careful study to find out facts (3)

9. a change for the better; progress (6)

10. making ready; something done to get ready (2)

B. Read each pair of words. Think about how they are alike. Write the word from the box that best completes each group.

procedure instructor preparation improvement achievement

1. gain, progress

2. method, process

3. teacher, leader

4. feat, success

5. plan, scheme

C. Affixes and roots can help you guess the meaning of words. H ere are some examples. Study them and find words from the text that contain these forms. Write the words and their meanings in the table. Then think of other examples to complete it.

~en = make ...

-er = one who does something

-ment = action or resulting state; product

pre- = before

Affix!	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
root	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
-en
-er
-ment
pre-

D. The following expressions are taken from the passage. Put the correct form of an appropriate item in each blank to make the meaning of the sentence complete.

live up to sth work out

side by side

on the other hand speed ahead

give the edge for sth over and over

make a difference fall behind

make a move

1. The young twin brothers were walking ....................... gracefully.

2.The tennis player ......................... and hit the ball marvellously.

3.Ahmad is an ungrateful child who does not .............................................. his parents'

expectations.

4.It ...................... no ................. to me what you say: I'm not going.

5.The major world powers are afraid of ............................ in the arms race.

6.John used to say to himself, "I'm sure I can do it," and this ...................................... .

success in tennis.

7.The footballers .............. : ...... regularly to keep fit.

8.We're waiting to see what our competitors do before we ................................. .

9.Say the words ........................ to yourself, and you will remember them.

10.On the one hand, he says he likes Shiraz, ......................... , he wants to leave the

city as soon as possible.

E. Supply the correct form of the given word for the blank space in each

sentence.

1.speed: I wish you a ......................... recovery from illness.

2.achievement: I've ....................... only half of what I'd hoped to do.

3. preparation: If you want to start a big business like this, you certainly

need to carry out some .................... investigations.

4.strengthen: He has regained his ............................ after that long illness.

5.indicate: Is a large head .......................... of high intelligence?

6.positive: Are you ......................... sure that he is not coming back?

7.procedure: Reforming the education system will be a difficult ................................ .

8.fanciful: Did I really hear someone come in, or was it only a ................................. ?

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text with the given paragraph numbers.

The expression on your face usually (3) ............................. how you are already

feeling. But (3) ................... shows that it can work the other way, too. You may

be able to change your feelings by using "face flips." For example, some (5) ............... might smile and look proud even if they are really feeling unsure.

AlAn (4r .............. expression on an athlete's face may improve the person's

feelings and (3) ................... his or her actions, creating alan (6) ......................... in the

person's performance. This could provide the (4) ......................... needed to win.

IV. Crossword Puzzle

Read the explanation for each box of the puzzle; go back to the relevant

paragraph and find the word that completes the puzzle. (The numbers in parentheses refer to the paragraphs.)

Across:

Down:

I. The way something is done (5)

2. Confident and sure (4)

3. Teacher (6)

4. Not behind (1)

6. Attainment; accomplishment (2)

9. Free from excitement or passion (5) II. Not weak (I)

12. Not mind (3)

13. Unity (1)

1. Making or getting ready (2) 5. Careful study (3)

7. Be victorious (successful) (3)

8.Contest; match; competition (1) 10. Expresses necessity (5)

9. A preposition (4)

10. Organize; make arrangements (6)

11. A letter of alphabet written twice

12. That which helps you think, reason,

will etc. (3)

18. Perform (4)

19. Education, instruction, or discipline (6)

20. A fixed point of light in the sky (5)

__ ~_uNITll

Pre-Reading Task

1. Do you know how queen ants give orders to other ants?

2. How do young ants let adults know that they need food and care?

A Well-Ordered World

You're walking up a hill and stop to catch your breath. You look down and see ants running in all different directions. It looks as if the ants don't know what they are doing or where they are going. Yet, ants have a very well-ordered world.

2 Within the organization of an ant colony, each ant has a job to do. Each

colony has thousands of worker ants and one or more queen ants. Worker ants build the nest, find food, and take care of young ants. Groups cooperate on many tasks. They hurry and bustle about to help one another complete the work. At the center of their lives is the queen.

3 People have admired the well-ordered world of ants. They have wished

that humans would cooperate as well as ants. Thousands of ants are crowded together in a teeming nest. Yet, they never fight each other. They fight only when there is an outside threat. Then they defend the nest against the attack.

4 The worker ants accept the authority of the queen. The queen has a

special way of giving orders. Her body makes a chemical on her skin that worker ants lick. Ants seem to like its taste. It makes them act in certain ways. It gives them order. They pass the chemical and its messages on to the other ants.

5 Young ants also have a chemical that sends messages or orders to adult

worker ants. The worker ants like the taste of this chemical, too. Their orders are to feed and groom the young ants. Workers never seem to tire of caring for them. Their tireless care makes sure that the young ants grow up

to be healthy. When the young ants reach adulthood, they become, in turn, worker ants.

6 The nest's existence depends on workers caring for the queen and the

young ants. Ants are programmed to do particular kinds of jobs and this makes for their well-ordered world.

I. Comprehension Check

1.Ants seem to be running here and there because they ....................... .

a. are playing b. don't know what they are doing

c. are running their daily life d. are going in different directions

2.Ants in a colony do all of the following EXCEPT ........................ .

a. building nests b. finding food

c. fighting each other d. taking care of the young ones

3. What does paragraph 3 imply?

a. Human world is not well-ordered.

b. People do not admire the world as well as ants.

c. Ants cooperate better than humans.

d. Human beings do not help one another.

4.The worker ants carry out orders by ................... .

a. working hard b. passing the chemical to others

c. acting in certain ways d. licking their bodies

5.The well-ordered world of ants is ................... .

a. the result of their hard work

b. in fact pre-planned

c. due to the authority of the queen

d. made possible by their acting in certain ways

6.The chemicals are made by ................ .

a. the worker ants and the young ants

b. the worker ants and the queen

c. the queen and the young ants

d. all the members of a colony

7.The nest would not actually exist without the efforts of ..................... .

a. the worker ants b. the young ants

c. the queen ant d. the fighter ants

8.Within the organization of an ant colony ................... .

a. some ants have no jobs to do

b. there are one or more queen ants

c. the queen cares for the young

d. the queen has to defend the nest

II. Vocabulary Practice

A Find words from the passage to match the meanings with the given

paragraph numbers.

1. group that has a common purpose (2)

2. condition of being grown-up (5)

3. to be noisy and busy (2)

4. full of life; swarming (3)

5. not needing rest (5)

6. to work together (2)

7. the state of being (6)

8. power to command (4)

9. signal that harm will occur (3)

10. to keep safe; protect (3)

B. Complete the sentences. Put the correct form of the word that fits best in the blank. There are more words than sentences.

groom	threat	teeming
cooperate	admire	bustle
authority	message	queen

1.An officer has .......................... over the soldiers under him.

2.Mehran has a horse which he ............................. himself.

3.Visitors to Isfahan usually ........................... its historical places. of attraction.

4.Everyone was ......................... about at the rush hour.

5.We all .......................... and made our holiday a success.

6.If you don't study hard, you'll be under the .................................... of expulsion from

the university.

C. The following idiomatic expressions are taken from the passage.

Complete each sentence below with an appropriate expression from the list. Make changes if necessary.

catch one's breath take care of

grow up

pass on to care for make for

1.Ahmad is no longer a child. He has ................................ .

2. After climbing up about 50 steps, we all stopped for a moment to

................ our ................. .

3.Some people say that early rising ......................... good health.

4.Who is going to ........................ buying the tickets?

5.The prisoner ...................... the message .................. the others.

6.Who will ...................... the children if their mother dies?

D. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences using appropriate forms from the box.

Verb	Adverb	Noun	Adjective
organize	---	organization	organized
cooperate	cooperatively	cooperation	cooperate
authorize	authoritative ly	authority	authoritative
exist	---	existence	existent

1.a. Father was very serious, speaking in ......................... tones.

b.I have ........................ him to act for me while I am abroad.

c.The newly appointed manager has already made his ............................. felt.

d.The commander talked to the officers quite .............................. .

2.a. The party leader ...................... his political party in a short time and won

the election.

b.An army without .......................... would be useless.

c.He is the manager of a very well ............................. institution.

3.a. Does life ..................... on Mars?

b.Do you believe in the ............................. of ghosts?

c.Thi s is the only ......................... volcano in this part of the world.

4.a. The school was very ..................... when we visited its gymnasium.

b.The police and the public acted ............................ in catching the criminaL

c.The two universities in Shiraz are .............................. on many projects.

d.The governor thanked the Regional Library for their ................................. .

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the passage with the given paragraph numbers.

How do ants behave when they are in danger? Can they (3) .................................. .

themselves successfully? When another insect or an animal becomes a/an (3) ............... to a fire ant, the fire ant stings. Other kinds of ants also refuse to (2) ............... with their enemies, and they spray a liquid or bite to discourage the enemy from moving any closer.

Most ant colonies are (3) ......................... with worker ants. They (2) ...................... .

around their colony and work rather than fight. From whom do they get their

orders? The queen has complete (4) ......................... All worker ants obey her.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table.

What worker ants do	What queen ant does
1.	1.
2.	2.
3.
4.

____ UNIT 12

Pre-Reading Task

1. Why do spiders spin webs?

2. What is a cobweb and what is its use?

3. How are cobwebs different from webs?

Spiders Are Builders

You are trapped in a giant sticky net. A hairy monster appears and surrounds you. Its eight legs encircle you. This might sound like a bad dream to you. But it happens every night to millions of insects.

2 The monster is a spider, and the net is its web. To us, spider webs are

fragile. But the webs are strong enough to hold most insects. Because the webs are flexible, the spider can bend them to hold trapped insects in place.

3 A spider spins a web by letting out liquid silk from its body. The liquid

dries and forms a thread. The spider ties one end of the silk to a wall or a tree. Then it suspends itself from the thread. As the spider hangs, the thread gets longer. A completed web might be made up of dozens of silk threads.

4 Spiders spin webs in many different shapes. The most common is circular,

like a dinner plate. The web has threads that go from its edges. The diameter, the distance across the web, may be as great as two feet.

5 Spiders also spin webs shaped like rectangles. These four-sided webs

have vertical threads that run up and down. They also have horizontal threads running from side to side. These threads combine to form a kind of net. The net is used to catch insects for spiders to eat.

6 The web most people know is often seen in the corners of ceilings. These

webs sometimes get tangled and collect dust. When that happens, they are known as cobwebs. You are not likely to find a spider in a cobweb. A cobweb is not very usefuL The spider cannot pull on the threads to catch insects. So it goes off to form another web, one that will help it get food.

I. Comprehension Check

1.We understand by reading paragraphs I and 2 that ..................... .

a. a giant builds nets

b. a hairy monster dreams

c. a spider has eight legs

d. millions of insects every night surround a spider

2.The writer uses an analogy between ................... .

a. a web and a net b. a monster and an insect

c. a spider and a web d. fragile and flexible

3.The spider spins the web by .

a. suspending itself from the thread

b. letting out liquid silk from its body

c. hanging from a wall or a tree

d. getting silk threads from the surroundings

4.The shape of a spider's web is commonly .................... .

a. horizontal b. diametrical

c. rectangular d. circular

5.A cobweb is .

a. not comparable in use to an ordinary web

b. less useful than an ordinary web

c. not usually known to people

d. more helpful to a spider in getting food

6.The passage does not clearly state ................... .

a. what spiders eat

b. how a web is made

c. how many silk threads a complete web may have

d. why some webs get tangled

II. Vocabulary Practice

A. Find words from the passage to IT'IlH;h the meanings with the given

paragraph numbers.

I. in the same direction as the horizon (5)

2. to form a circle around something (I)

3. a kind of spider's web (6)

4. easily destroyed (2)

5. a line that goes from one side of a circle to another, passing through the center (4)

6. hangs (3)

7. straight up and down (5)

8. in the shape of a circle (4)

9. four-sided shapes with right angles (5)

10. bends easily (2)

B. An analogy shows how two words go together in the same way as two other words. Write the words from the box to complete the following analogies.

suspends fragile

circular webs

flexible

rectangles

I. Steel is to strong as glass is to ......................... .

2.Wolves are to dens as spiders are to ......................... .

3.Balls are to circles as cartons arc to ......................... .

4.Straight is to bent as stiff is to ......................... .

5.Four-sided is to square as round is to .......................... .

6.Leaps is to jumps as hangs is to ........................ .

C. Find words from the text and put them in the blank spaces in the sentences to make their meanings complete. The relevant paragraph numbers are given in brackets at the end of each sentence.

I. Shall 1 fasten the parcel with rope or use ........................ tape? (I)

2.She.. .. ............... wool from goat's hair. (3)

3.The policeman ..................... the prisoner's hands very securely. (3)

4.The lift broke down and we were ......................... inside it. (1)

5.I must untie this ....................... wire before I can use it. (6)

6.It 's very .................. that Ahmad will arrive in Shiraz tonight because he left

Tehran this morning. (6)

D. Supply the correct form of the given word for the blank space in each sentence.

1.encircle: The plane ...................... the airport before landing.

2. suspend: A bridge hanging from steel cables supported by towers at each

end is called ................ bridge.

3.flexible: The of Hamid's teacher in dealing with his students has

made him a popular member of the school.

4. monster: The new multi-story car-park at Shiraz Nemazi Hospital is

large and ugly; it's a real ..................... .

5.horizontal: Please lay it ......................... on the floor.

6.common: Double-decker buses are ........................ used in London and Tehran.

E. Affixes and roots can help you guess the meaning of words. Here are some examples. Study them and find words from the text that contain these forms. Write the words and their meanings in the table. Then think of other examples to complete the table.

dia- = across

en- = to cause (a person or thing) to be in the place, condition, etc.

Rex, fleet = bend

-ible = able to be ... ; capable of being ... meter = measurement

-y = characterized by or inclined to

Affix!	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
root	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
dia-
en-
flex
-ible
meter
-y

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the list.

example painful thread

floating across glands

organs measure mammals

prey insect string

Spiders are creatures with a two-part body, four pairs of legs, and four

pairs of eyes. They have special .................. under the abdomen that produce silk

............... for binding prey or making webs, and lines for ........................... Spiders live

chiefly on insects and other arthropods (arthro- = joint, -pod = foot; arthropod = with jointed feet or limbs); some large species eat small snakes,

............... , and birds. All spiders paralyze their .......................... before eating it. This is

done by some poison produced in special ............................... under the head. Several

species, such as the black widow, have bites that are ...................................... or even

dangerous to humans. Tarantula is a/an ................... of a spider with painful bites.

It is a large, hairy spider whose body may ............................... 3 in. (7.6 cm) long and,

with legs extended, up to 10 in. (25.4 em) .......................... The largest may kill small

vertebrates, but most feed on arthropods.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table.

Para.	Main idea	Details
		1.
2		2.
		3.
		4.
		1.
3		2.
		1.
4		2.
		3.
		1.
5		2.
		3.

____ UNIT 13

Pre-Reading Task

1. How long ago was the first robot made?

2. What were early robots made for?

3. What can modern robots do?

How Robots Came to Be

Robots seem very new to most people. But they have a long history.

They began as mechanical toys. For more than two thousand years, people have been trying to make machines that copy what living things do. The first one was made by a Greek inventor. The bird could rotate, turning on the end of a wooden bar. A device like this sounds simple to Us. But the strange bird delighted the Greeks of long ago.

2 Workers in France built a mechanical lion in 1500. To get it to work,

they rebuilt the lion several times. Finally, it was able to walk around the court of the king. It could even raise its paw as a salute to the French flag.

3 In the 1700s, a Swiss clock maker built a puppet. It looked like a child

sitting at a desk. The puppet's right hand Was equipped with a pen. The clockrnaker would hook a machine to his own arm and write a message. The machine inside the puppet would then copy his arm movements. The puppet was then able to write the same message as the clockmaker's. The puppet seemed to have the intelligence of a thinking being. However, it needed the assistance, or help, of a human being to make it work.

4 Early robots Were made for fun. Dolls that could walk, dance, and even

pick things up were sold as merchandise in fine shops. People seemed amazed with machines that were automatic. They could operate by themselves once they had been turned on.

5 Today's robots are very complicated machines with many different uses.

They work in many modern factories. They even work in space. The uses of robots seem endless.

I. Comprehension Check

1.The first robots were kinds of ................... .

a. living things

c. historical machines

b. mechanical toys d. rotating birds

2.The Greeks of long ago .................. .

a. were delighted by the rotating toy-bird

b. were all inventors of robots

c. copied the things that birds did

d. invented devices that made simple sounds

3.The rnechanicallion built in France could do the following EXCEPT ...................... .

a. walking around the king's court b. raising its paw

c. raising the French flag d. saluting the French flag

4.It is not true that the Swiss c1ockmaker's puppet ..................... .

a. looked like a human child

b. had a pen in its right hand

c. could copy the arm movements of its builder

d. had the intelligence of a thinking being

5.The following are true about the puppet EXCEPT that it ......................... .

a. had a machine inside

b. needed the help of its maker to work

c. could write the messages dictated to it

d. was sitting at a desk

6.The writer has tried to imply that .................... .

a. modern robots are quite different from the early ones

b. robots of today do not amaze people

c. robots of our time are in fact the advanced forms of the early robots

d. to day's and yesterday's robots have many different uses

II. Vocabulary Practice

A Read each sentence below. Choose a word from the lesson that means the same as the boldface part of each sentence with the given paragraph numbers.

1. Today, machines that perform some activities of a human being have many uses. (1)

2. The controls on an airplane that are able to work by themselves help a pilot keep the plane on course. (4)

3. The pilot of an airplane appreciates this help. (3)

4. This type of machine became popular long ago. (1)

5. Although the inventor fitted the eagle with wings, it could not fly gracefully. (3)

6. On some old clocks, carved figures move around in a circle. (1)

7. One of these clocks, built in 1352, was later built again in the sixteenth century. (2)

8. Who knows what future uses the human mind will find for these kinds

of machines? (3)

9. This kind of product may someday be found in stores to help us with

many human tasks. (4)

10. Do you want to take hold of and lift the child and put her on your

shoulders? (4)

B. Choose a word from the list below and put it in the blank space in the sentence to make its meaning complete. There are more words than sentences.

complicated hook (v.) paw

delighted sounds puppet

amazed salute copy

fine

bar operate

1.This suit is made of ........................ material and costs a lot.

2.These two pieces of the chain ......................... together.

3.The soldiers ...................... the commander smartly.

4.A car ran over the dog's ......................... last night and broke it.

5.We need a long iron ......................... to put across the gate.

6.He .................... just the person we need for the job.

7. I can't really explain how the machine works because it is a very

............... process.

8.His speech was marvellous; it ......................... everyone in the auditorium.

C. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences with the correct forms of the words in the table.

Adjective	Noun	Adverb	Verb
mechanical	mechanic	mechanically	mechanize
inventive	invention	inventively	invent
intelligent	intelligence	intelligently	~~-
~~-	assistance	~~-	assist
automatic	automation	automatical1y	automate

1.a. He is full of ideas and has a/an ............................. mind.

b.Laszlo Biro .............................. the ball-point pen.

c.The ................................ of radio by Marconi revolutionized human com-

munication.

d.Inventors use their minds ................................. .

2.a. His new car is equipped with ............................. gears.

b. This factory will be .................... soon.

c ................. will mean the loss of many jobs in the country.

d. Does this robot do its job ....................... ?

3.a. Two men are .......................... the police in their investigations.

b. Please let me know if you need ...................... .

4.a. When the water pipe burst, the little girl had the ........................................ to turn

off the water at the main.

b.Hamid answered the questions .................... _ ....... .

c.Ahmad asked very many ............................. questions.

5.a. Their country is ........................... rapidly.

b.The factory is going to buy ................................ operated equipment.

c.He is a car .............................. .

d.1 have little ............................. knowledge.

D. Affixes and roots can help you guess the meaning of words. H ere are some examples. Study them and find words from the text that contain these forms. Write the words and their meanings in the table. Then think of other examples to complete the table.

auto- = self

-en = made of (woollen = made of wool) fact = make

-ment = suffix of nouns that denote an action plic, ply = fold

re- = again

Affix!	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
root	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
auto-
-en
fact
-ment
plic
re-

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the list. There are more words than blanks.

assist functions delivering

manufacturing significant greater

machine work perform

dangerous robots human

Robots are man-made automatic tools that are used in different ways. They

are mainly computer-controlled ....................... tools that can be programmed to

a/an ................ number of functions. F or example, they can weld an automobile

chassis ['I resi ] or ................... a surgeon in his operations. Robots can perform,

............... uncomfortable, or tiring tasks. They do these things with speed and

............... accuracy than can ......................... beings. Robots play an increasingly

............... role in the movement toward industrial automation and

computer-aided ..................... Robots for use in services, such as ........................ meals

and supplies in a hospital, have been slower to deve lop because of the greater

complexity of the environment in which they must ....................... .

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table.

Type of robot	What it did
1.
2.	1.
	2.
3.

V. Crossword Puzzle

Use the clues and the words in the box to complete the crossword puzzle.

rebuilt artificial equipped

automatic merchandise assistance

robots device

rotate

inte lligence

Across

I. Help or aid

5. Machines that imitate humans

7. Machine

8. Products; goods

Down

l. Not real

2. Ability to know

3. Acting or moving by itself

4. Provided with all that is needed

5. Built again

6. Go round

____ UNIT 14

Pre-Reading Task

1. What can robots do?

2. What shape are robots?

3. How do robots work?

What a Worker!

Imagine a worker who never gets tired. This employee needs no lunch hours or holiday. Working 24 hours a day is no problem. Best of all, he or she is both accurate and efficient. There are few mistakes and tasks are finished quickly.

2 Any manufacturer would want a worker like this in a factory. Many more

products could be made and sold if workers never stopped. That's why there are more and more robots at work today.

3 Robots do a wide variety of tasks. They paint automobiles. They put

together machines. They handle poisons. Most of their work is too dangerous or unpleasant for people to do. By doing the dirty work, a robot s a worker's helper, or aide.

it Few robots look anything like people. They are machines. Like other

pieces of machinery, they come in different shapes and sizes. The way they are built depends on the jobs they do. Most have a single arm that can lift things. Most are built to handle tools.

5 Each robot has a computer inside it. The computer tells it what to do.

Skilled technicians enter directions into this computer. They are trained for this job.

6 The years ahead may well be the era of the robots. People will make use

of them more and more. The newest ones will have television cameras for eyes. They will be able to hear and touch. They win move on land or under the sea. They will also be able to maneuver in space. Robots can help us live better and learn more about our world.

I. Comprehension Check

1.Which one of the following is NOT stated in paragraph I? A robot ......................... .

a. does not need a break for lunch b. works accurately

c. makes several mistakes in 24 hours d. works without stop

2.Paragraph 2 says that manufacturers ................. .

a. want workers to sell more

b. want more work to sell robots

c. sell more products to buy robots

d. want more robots to sell more and more

3. How do robots work?

a. They imitate people.

b. They use their arms.

c. They are ordered by computers.

d. Computers train them for every job.

4. Which one of the following is not a unique feature of the future robots?

a. They can see with real eyes.

b. They can move in space.

c. They can hear and touch.

d. They can move on land or under the water.

5.According to the passage, robots in future ..................... .

a. will be able to train ski lIed technicians

b. will help people to be more knowledgeable about their world

c. will be using more than one arm to lift things

d. will do jobs that they themselves would prefer

6.The main idea expressed in paragraph 3 is that ..................... .

a. the type of tasks robots do is of various kinds

b. robots paint cars

c. robots assemble machines

d. the work robots do is too dangerous for people to do

II. Vocabulary Practice

A Read each sentence. Look for a clue in the first sentence to help you choose the missing word in the second sentence. Then go to the relevant paragraph and find the word that best completes the sentence. Write the word in the blank.

I. Some robots seem to be able to think. They appear to be human beings,

rather than pieces of (4) ..................... ,

2. When a robot needs repair, a trained person must fix it. Only a/an (5) ............... can do this job.

3. Robots help human workers by making and packing articles. They can

do a wide (3) ................... of jobs.

4. Some workers wonder if robots are a help. A robot is not alan (3)

... , ...... ,. if it does a job poorly.

5. Sometimes the head of a factory will replace a human worker with a

robot. The (2) , ................... wants to get the job done in the best possible

way.

6. In most cases, the human worker moves on to another task. The (1) ............. ,. can do work that a robot cannot.

7. A mechanical lion was made in the 1500s. There were many inventions

during this (6) .................... .

8.Moving robots can sense something in their path. They (6) .................................... .

away from it.

9. A robot does its work without wasting time or energy. It is alan (1) ............... servant.

10. Computers must give robots correct instructions. Humans make the

instructions (1) ................... .

B. Supply the correct form of the given word for the blank space in each sentence,

1.accurate: It is impossible to say with any degree of ............................... bow many

are affected by the earthquake.

2.emcleot: Mehdi has shown a great deal of ................. at his job.

3. mistake: If I'm not ..... , .. " ..•.. , that is the man we saw on the bus.

4. manufacturer: These electrical goods are made abroad; that is, they

are foreign .................. .

5.variety: He was ......................... described as a hero, a genius and a fool.

6.handle: The .......................... of this door is broken; we must buy a new one.

7.techaletan: Nowadays, Iranian craftsmen are applying modern ........................... .

to traditional crafts.

8.direction: The officer ....................... the soldiers to advance.

9.television: The 1998 football matches in Paris will be ............................. .

10.maneuver: A rapid ............... .,. by the driver prevented an accident.

C. Affixes and roots can help you guess the meaning of words. Here are some examples. Study them and find words from the text that contain these forms. Write the words and their meanings in the table. Then think of other examples to complete the table.

auto- = self

duct, duce = lead

-ee = one who is the object or beneficiary of the act. (addressee = one

who is addressed) fact = make

manu- = hand

mob = move

un- = not

Affix!	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
root	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
auto·
duct
-ee
fact
manu-
mob
un-

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks with. appropriate words with the given paragraph

numbers. .,

In some ways, the twentieth century seems to be the (6) .............................. of the

robot. Few people are surprised to see a robot as a/an (1) .................................. Skilled

(5) ................. have designed robots to perform all sorts of tasks that humans

might find boring. The robots can (6) ....................... quickly. They do dull work in

a/an (I) .............. way. Human workers can move on to a/an (3) ................... of more

interesting jobs.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table about robots.

	1.
Their characteristics	2.
	3.
	1.
Tasks they do	2.
	3.
Their shape and size
H ow they work

____ UNIT 15 __________ _

Pre-Reading Task

1. How long do you think the Nile River is?

2. Is there a river longer than the Nile?

3. What do you know about the Aswan High Dam?

River of Plenty

Africa's river of plenty- the mighty Nile River - is very long. It begins near the equator and winds 4,145 miles northeast from the earth's middle. The Nile ends in Egypt, where it flows into the Mediterranean Sea. It is the longest river in the world.

2 The Nile, however, is not known only for its length. The Nile Valley,

along with its delta, a three-sided stretch of lowland where the river ends, is one of the world's richest agricultural areas. For thousands of years, farmers have grown grains, vegetables, and cotton there.

3 The Nile River used to rise above its banks each year during the rainy

season. The waters that flooded the land carried fine, rich soil called silt. When the rains stopped each September, the water on the flooded land evaporated into the air. What was left was moist, fertile farmland enriched with silt and ready for planting.

4 This cycle ended in 1978 when the Aswan High Dam was built. The dam

created a reservoir, or lake, to hold the Nile's waters and stopped the yearly flooding. It also trapped the river's silt. Without this natural resource, the farmers of the Nile Valley were forced to use fertilizer to keep their soil rich. But the dam has also been helpful to farmers. It uses the river's power to generate electricity for farming, factory work, and other kinds of industry. It also provides water for land once too dry for farming.

5 The Nile has continued to flow for thousands of years. Just as in those

ancient days, it continues to be Africa's river of plenty.

I. Comprehension Check

1.The Nile River is famous because it .

a. is the longest river in the world b. begins near the equator

c. flows into the Mediterranean Sea d. ends in Egypt

2.The Nile is also known for ................... .

a. its three-sided delta

b. making the Nile Valley one of the world's richest agricultural areas

c. its flowing for thousands of years

d. its rainy seasons

3.The Nile River no longer rises above its banks because ........................ .

a. there are not rainy seasons any more

b. water is evaporated into the air

c. September rains have stopped

d. the Aswan High Dam is built

4.The main point of paragraph 3 is .................... .

a. to describe how flooded waters evaporated into the air

b. to explain a process the result of which is fertility of the Nile Valley

c. to inform the reader about a rich soil called silt

d. to explain how the rains stopped each September

5."This cycle" at the start of paragraph 4 refers to ...................... .

a. the operations which resulted in the creation of the Aswan High Dam

b. the building of the Aswan Dam and the creation of its reservoir

c. the contents of paragraph 3

d. the process of trapping the river's silt by the Aswan Dam

6.The undesirable effect of building the Aswan Dam has been ........................ .

a. the trapping of the river's silt which used to be a natural fertilizer

b. the stopping of the yearly flooding

c. the use of the river's power to generate electricity for farming

d. to supply water for land which was once too dry for farming

7.The "natural resource" in paragraph 4 refers to ....................... .

a. the Nile b. the silt

c. the reservoir d. the Aswan High Dam

8.The Nile is called "river of plenty" because ...................... .

a. it winds through plenty of land

b. the name reminds us of the glory of ancient Egypt

c. ;1 provides numerous benefits for the people

d. its banks are ideal for people to build their houses on

II. Vocabulary Practice

A Find words from the passage to match the meanings. with the given

paragraph numbers.

1. three-sided stretch of lowland at the mouth of a river (2)

2. having to do with farming (2)

3. changed from a liquid into a gas or vapor, such as steam or fog (3)

4. rich soil carried by water and deposited near riverbanks (3)

5. able to produce crops easily; fruitful (3)

6. business, trade, or production (4)

7. a place where water collects and is stored (4)

8. a supply of something; something that meets a need (4)

9. an imaginary line around the middle of the earth, midway between the North pole and South Pole (1)

B. Word Formation: Supply the correct form of the given word for the blank space in each sentence.

l.wind (v.): Go through this .......................... road and you will find yourself in

the village.

2.agriculture: Ahmad is studying ........................... machinery.

3.evaporate: The water soon .................... in the sunshine.

4.fertile: 1 must get some more .......................... for the garden.

5.rich: Reading ........................ the mind.

6.force: The police are there to ........................... the law.

7.help: Without their weapons, they were ........................ .

8.generate: Dams are built for the ....................... of electricity by water-power.

9. plenty: Eggs are .................. at the moment.

III. Cloze

Find words from the passage to fill in the blanks with the given paragraph numbers.

North of Cairo, the capital of Egypt. the Nile River creates an area of land

called a/an (2) ........................ The soil hen: is very (3) .............................. and good for

farming. It has been an important natural (4) ......................... for thousands of years.

Every year, floodwater from the Nile carries (3) .......................... , which settles on the

delta and enriches the land. When the water (3) ................................. , it leaves the soil

moist and ready for growing. Because of the Nile River, the delta is not only

a/an (2) ..................... area; business and (4) .......................... also benefit from the

electricity created by the Nile's Aswan High Dam.

____ UNIT 16

Pre-Reading Task

1. What do you know about the first electronic computer?

2. What did the first computer have in common with modern computers?

The Genius Machine

Today's computers are amazing machines. They are easy enough for a child to use and manipulate. They are also small enough to sit on a desk or on your lap. You can even have access to a computer in a car or an airplane! This was not always true, however. The first computers, made more than 40 years ago, were quite different.

2 The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), built

during World War II, was one of the first modern computers. It was an electronic machine that did its work by means of electricity, not mechanical switches. r! took up 3,000 square feet and weighed 30 tons. It was not exactly something you would want in your lap! While today's computers have very few moving parts, the ENIAC had 6,000 switches.

3 About the only thing the ENIAC had in common with today's computers

was purpose. Both were meant to do tasks automatically, without the help of people. But the capability, or power of ENlAC was limited. It could do only mathematical problems. Computers today can do everything from storytelling to household tasks. They can monitor many things, checking anything from a person's heart rate to the workings of a space shuttle.

4 Some modern computers can perform up to 36,000,000 operations in a

second and take up to 100,000,000 instructions - a seemingly limitless number - in the same amount of time. Today's computer's memory can hold more information. Now computers have the ability to print out a huge quantity of information at a top speed of 6,000 lines per minute. Compare that to the old ENIAC that took seconds to provide just one piece of information!

5 In its day, the ENIAC was a faster alternative to the human brain for

working with numbers. Today's genius machine helps people in ways not even thought possible in the day of ENIAC.

I. Comprehension Check

1. What is common between old and modern computers?

a. They are heavy. b. They do tasks automatically.

c. They are light. d. They do tasks mechanically.

2. What was the limitation of old computers?

a. They did not need electricity.

b. They worked manually.

c. They did only mathematical problems.

d. They did not do mathematical problems.

3. H ow much time do some computers need to take about 100 million instructions?

a. 6,000 seconds b. 30 seconds

c. 3,000 seconds d. one second

4. Which one of the following could the ENIAC do?

a. To tell stories.

b. To provide one piece of information in a few seconds.

c. To check people's heart rate.

d. To monitor a space shuttle.

II. Vocabulary Practice

A. Find words from the passage to fill in the blanks with the given paragraph number.

1. Today, computers of all shapes and sizes, at home or in an office, can

perform a number of difficult tasks quickly and (3) ....................... .

2.Often, a special command allows the user (1) ........................... to these programs.

3.Today's computers, run by (2) ............................. parts, are easy and inexpensive

for an individual to operate.

4.You would be surprised at the (4) ............................... tasks a home computer can

perform by pressing just a few keys.

5.A home computer has the (3) ............................ to do household tasks.

6.One family uses its home computer to calculate and (3) ........................................ its

daily expenses.

7.Another family collects a large (4) .................................... of computer games for

home entertainment.

8. Good instructions can help someone easily (1) ......................... most computer

parts correctly within a short period of time.

9.Do you think a future (5) .............................. to the computer will be invented

sometime soon?

B. Synonyms are words that have almost the same meaning. Find words from the passage with the given paragraph numbers that are synonyms to the boldface words. Write the synonyms in the blanks.

C. The power of a computer made several years ago is nowhere near the

(3) ................. of a computer now.

2. Today, uses for computers are almost as endless as the seemingly (4) ............... instructions they can handle.

3. Computers can be told to check the workings of a space shuttle and (3) ............... a person's heart rate.

4. Computers can remember a great amount of information and print out a

huge (4) .................. of it in seconds.

5.Yet computers can be so easy to use that children can (1) .............................. them

without a problem.

C. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences using appropriate forms from the box.

Adjective	Noun	Adverb	Verb
amazing	amazement	amazingly	amaze
mechanical	mechanics	mechanically	mechanize
mathematical	mathematics	mathematically	--~
informative	information	informatively	inform

1.a. He was ....................... at the news.

b.I heard with ............................. that he had lost his job.

c.He is doing ............................. well in his studies.

d.What alan ............................ story!

2.a. John teaches ........................ at a college.

b.Hamid's teacher gave him two ............................... problems to solve.

c.It took four hours for me to solve those ............................ complicated operations.

3.a. Professor Cook's talk on physics was very ............................ .

b. Can you give me any ................... about his family?

c.The report was .............................. prepared.

d.Have you ............................ the Traffic Police about the accident?

4.a. Hamid is studying ......................... engineering at Shiraz University.

b.He has to pass some courses in .................................. .

c.He also experiments with ............................... operated equipment.

d.Hamid says that we must ................................ our factories.

III. Cloze

Find words in the text to fill in the blanks with the given paragraph numbers.

Computers have different programs which make your job easier. In order

to have (1) ................. to a computer program, you need to know the commands

that will help you gain entry. Once you are in a program, the computer can

perform tasks (3) .......................... Many programs have a menu that offers (5)

................ Information that is entered can be put in storage so that it can be

recalled later on. A computer is indeed a marvellous (2) ................................ machine.

Once it is plugged in and turned on, it can perform different jobs.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table.

How ENIAC was similar to modern	How ENIAC differed from modern
computers	computers
1.	1.
	2.
	3.

____ UNIT 17 __________ _

Pre-Reading Task

1. How can an unknown athlete win an Olympic medal? Do you know an example?

2. What helps a person win in the Olympics?

Overcoming the Odds

One thing that makes the Olympic exciting to watch is that you never know when the unexpected will happen. An athlete who is favored to win may have an accident, or a little-known competitor may give a performance filled with energy and vitality. Suddenly, that person has earned a medal.

2 Some people say it is luck when an athlete comes from behind to win an

Olympic medal. But mainly it is years of hard work and dedication paying off. Take the case of Canadian Elizabeth Manley. She was the silver medalist in women's figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics. At those games, the attention of most people was on the top two contenders, East Germany's Katarina Witt and America's Debi Thomas. Elizabeth Manley surprised them all.

3 Manley needed determination to achieve an Olympic victory. She was

shorter than most skaters and gained weight easily. This made it harder for her to look graceful. Worse, she often became nervous at contests and did poorly.

4 But Manley had strengths. She was agile. Her skill at moving quickly let

her do hard jumps. She was powerful. So she could jump on and on without getting fatigued. Most important, her love of skating was fervent. She called it ''her life".

5 Manley put all her energy into preparing for the Olympics. Over and

over she did the fundamental, or basic, skating moves, known as school figures. She stretched each day's training session from two hours to eight.

She even had to sacrifice eating her much-loved Mexican foods to help lose weight. She worked hardest to develop a calmer attitude. Before going on the ice, she tried to relax by thinking positive thoughts.

6 On the night of the final competition, Elizabeth Manley dazzled everyone.

The enthusiastic crowd marveled at triple jump after triple jump. Here was truly a performance deserving an Olympic medal.

I. Comprehension Check

1. What is it that causes the Olympics to be so exciting to watch?

a. You can't predict who the winner would be.

b. The expected winner is easily predictable.

c. An athlete favored to win is always the winner.

d. A little-known athlete is never a medal winner.

2.An Olympic medal winner succeeds due to his/her ...................... .

a. interest in gold and silver

b. motivation

c. luck and pure chance

d. continuous practicing and dedication

3. The athlete who attracted the attention of all the audience at the 1988

Winter Olympics was .............. .

a. Katarina Witt from East Germany b. the two top contenders

c. Debi Thomas from America d. Elizabeth Manley from Canada

4.Manley's unique characteristic as an athlete in jumping is her ....................... .

a. fatigue b. love of living

c. skillfulness d. quickness in jumping

5.The expression "over and over" in paragraph 5 means .................... .

a. once for all b. again and again

c. by and large d. on and off

6. What did Manley do before starting ice skating?

a. She didn't eat food.

b. She thought positively for more relaxation.

c. She sacrificed an animal.

d. She tried to be silent.

II. Vocabulary Practice

A Find words from the passage to fill in the blanks with the given paragraph numbers.

1. It takes a sense of purpose, or (3) ...................... , to be a top skater.

2.The way a skater thinks and feels is important. A positive (5) .............................. .

can make him or her winner.

3. Most top skaters start their training at a young age and first learn the

basic skills that are (5) ..................... to their sport.

4.Skaters must be quick and (4) ........................ on their feet to do turns, jumps,

and spins.

5.When a practice period goes well, a skater calls it a good (5) ............................... .

6.To avoid becoming (4) ..................... , skaters must get enough sleep and eat

proper food.

7.Most skaters like to perform in front of (6) ........................................... and eager

audiences.

8. Skaters who want to compete in the Olympics often have to make alan

(5) ................ , giving up something they like in order to take part in the

games.

9.What keeps many skaters going is their (2) ......................... , or very strong love

of the sport.

10. Judges watch a skater carefully and look for a performance that shows

skill, grace, beauty, and great energy, or (I) ........................ .

B. Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Match the words in the box with their antonyms listed below. Write each word on the line.

I agile

fundamental

enthusiastic

fatigued

I. rested

2. unnecessary

3. clumsy

4. bored

C. Rewrite each sentence using one ofthe words from the box. Your sentence should have the same meaning as the original.

session vitality

fervent fatigued

attitude sacrifice

determination

L The skater's performance showed energy and spirit.

2. You need a strong sense of purpose to become a world-class skater.

3. A positive feeling about yourself can help you achieve a great deal.

••••• 4 ••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• •••••• •

4. Her two-hour skating workout turned into four hours .

........................................................................ .

5. I would give up television to become a champion skater .

........................................................................... .

6. I wish I had a strong, intense love of a sport.

7. I would probably be very tired after a long practice session .

...................................................................... .

D. Find words from the text and put their correct forms in the blank spaces in the sentences to make their meanings complete. Paragraph numbers are given in brackets.

1.Most first-class footballers are natural ............................. (1)

2.She always ...................... her youngest child more than the others. (1)

3.How many ...................... were there for the heavy-weight title? (2)

4.He is a leader with courage and .............................. (3)

5.Manley gained ...................... over her rivals. (3)

6.A deer is a/an ....................... , quick-runnig animal. (3)

7.The long summer holiday ......................... ahead of us. (5)

8.I'm not ............................. my day off just to go shopping with you. (5)

9.We were ....................... by the speaker's knowledge and wit. (6)

10.I ............................ that she agreed.to do something so dangerous. (6)

E. The following word combinations are taken from the text. Fill in each blank in sentences below with the correct form of an appropriate item from the list to make their meanings complete.

filled with energy earn a medal payoff

lose weight

put energy into gain weight

1.If you continue practicing in this way, you will certainly .......................... in the

competition.

2.Have you .................. ? You look slim.

3.She works with strength and eagerness; in other words, she is ............................. .

4.He has ................... since he gave up smoking.

5.Hamid ....................... preparing for the university entrance examinations and

achieved his goals.

6.His hard work brought him good results, that is, it ................................ .

F. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences using appropriate forms from the box..

Adjective	Noun	Adverb	Verb
exciting	excitement	excitingly	excite
competitive	competition	com petiti vely	compete
determined	determination	---	determine
powerful	power	powerfully	empower
graceful	grace	gracefully	grace
relaxed	relaxation	--~	relax

1.a. A ballerina leaps into the air with ........................... .

b.Have you ever watched the ........................... movements some birds?

c.Fine paintings have ............................. the walls of the museum.

d.The child walked .......................... across the room.

2.a. I will do everything in my ......................... to help you.

b.Airplanes have .......................... engines.

c.The new laws .......................... the police to stop anybody in the street.

d.The army defended the country ........................... .

3.a. His future has not been ...................... , but he may study medicine.

b.What alan ......................... attitude!

c.It was his strong .......................... which helped him win the medal.

4.a. I will only when I know you are safe.

b.Fishing is Mr. Ahmadi's favorite ............................. .

c.Professor Danesh is known for his ............................. style of teaching.

5.a. Javid will have to participate in ....................... examinations for government

posts.

b.In the exhibition which was opened yesterday many .................................. priced

goods were displayed.

c.We're in ......................... with several other companies for the contract.

d.Several students are ....................... to win the prize for the best composition.

6.a. The young teacher has written alan .................... story in the school journal.

b.The news of Iran's winning the cup caused great ........................................ among

people.

c.The children were very .......................... by the pantomime.

d.The football match was ......................... interesting.

III. Cloze

Find words from the passage to fill in the blanks with the given paragraph

numbers.

developed figures games

favorite sport graceful

divided champions popular

popularity invented dull

Skating, or gliding along an ice surface on ice skates, was originally a

means of traveL It became a well-established .................... by the 17th century and

has since ................. into speed skating, figure skating, and ice dancing. Compe-

tition in these has become an important part of the Olympic winter ........................... .

Figure skating in which the skater traces prescribed, elaborate ........................... is one

of the most beautiful and ..................... events in all sport. It was ....................... by an

American, Jackson Haines, in the 1860s. In the Olympics it is ............................... into

the original program and free skating sections. Ice dancing, which increased in ............... during the 1980s, combines aspects of pairs figure skating and

ballroom dancing. The ice carnival, made ._ ...................... by Sonja Henie and other

Olympic ................ , has become alan ............................ American amusement. Roller

skating, gliding over a smooth surface on skates with rollers or wheels, gained high popularity after dance movements were adopted from ice skating.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table about Elizabeth Manley.

r	Topic	Your answer
I		1.
	Manley's weaknesses	2.
		3.
		1.
	Manley's strengths	2.
		3.
		I. Fundamental ...
	Manley's training	2. Training time:
	Manley's training	3. Food:
		4_ Mental attitude:
	Manley's competition

_~~_UNIT 18_~ __

Pre-Reading Task

1. Do you know when the Great Wall of China was built?

2. Why was the wall built?

3. How long is the wall?

Wall of Wonder

Have you ever thought about the walls of your house as your own personal means of protection? They protect you from the weather outside. More important, they let you decide which people you want to come inside. Two thousand years ago, the Chinese had the same idea. But they built a wall around their entire country!

2 The Great Wall of China was built at the command of China's first em-

peror in the third century B.C. Before his reign, China was split into several warring states, each surrounded by its own wall. The emperor united these states. One way of showing their unity was to have one wall surrounding all of China.

3 The emperor claimed that the wall's purpose was defensive. It was

intended to protect China from attacks by the fierce nomads who wandered the Gobi Desert, north of China. Also, it displayed the emperor's power. He forced a million men to work on the wall. Many of them had been his enemies. For most, becoming a laborer was a death sentence. So many died in building the Great Wall that it has been called ''the longest cemetery in the world."

4 Later emperors built extensions onto the Great Wall to make it longer.

Today it measures 1,500 miles along China's northern border. But the wall never really protected the empire from conquest. The wandering warriors of the north swept across it numerous times to take over the country. Perhaps it was not as a physical barrier, but as an idea, that the wall protected

China. The Chinese came to think of everyone "inside the wall" as belonging together.

5 The Great Wall has withstood over two thousand years of harsh weather

and invading armies. This architectural marvel winds like a snake across varied areas which include mountains, valleys, and rivers. It is one of the world's most awesome wonders.

I. Comprehension Check

1. Why did the Chinese build the Great Wall?

a. They built it in memory of their first emperor.

b. They built it to protect themselves from outside weather.

c. They built it to protect their country from outside attacks.

d. They built it as a means of personal protection.

2. What happened to the several walls which surrounded the warring states before the Great Wall was built?

a. They were destroyed at the command of the first emperor .

b. They were surrounded by the Great Wall.

c. The warring states kept them as they were.

d. The text does not clarify.

3. Which one of the fullowing is not among the purposes behind building the Great Wall?

a. The wall showed the unity of all states.

b. It was meant to be one of the world's famous wonders.

c. It was meant to protect China against any kind of invasion.

d. The wall was a sign of the power of the emperor.

4. Which statement is true according to the text?

a. The wall has always protected the Chinese empire from conquest.

b. The wall measures longer now than it did at the time of China's first emperor.

c. No laborer was forced to work on the wall.

d. Many Chinese people who were sentenced to death were sent to work on the wall.

S. Which one of the following is not a factor to make the wall an architectural marvel?

a. The Chinese think that those "inside the wall" belong together.

b. F or over two thousand years the wall has withstood harsh weather.

c. The wall passes through mountains, valleys, and rivers.

d. The wall has withstood invaders for more than two thousand years.

II. Vocabulary Practice

A. In each sentence a word or phrase is boldfaced. Choose a word from the box to replace that word or phrase. Write the word on the line.

nomads defensive

withstood awesome

laborer extensions

conquest cemetery

unity architectura 1

1. The Great Wall of China has endured bad weather and invading armies.

2. China's first emperor ordered that the wall be built for protective

Ineasures. . ........................ .

3. Fierce wanderers of the Gobi Desert were at time stopped from attacking by the huge wall, but, in the end, they did sweep across it.

4. The Great Wall of China did provide the people with a feeling of belonging together, of being a whole country instead of a group of

warring states. .. ........................................................................................................... .

5. But for anyone who was a worker on the wall, it was a death

sentence. .. ....................... .

6. At the edge of the town, there is an old graveyard surrounded by tall

trees. .. ....................... .

7. Not only did many men die working on the original wall, but thousands more died building added parts ordered by later emperors.

8. No matter how many extensions were added, the wall did not prevent a victory over China at the hands of the wandering warriors.

9. Although China has changed greatly, the building design of the Wall has

barely changed. .. ....................... .

10. The Great Wall of China is one of the most magnificent wonders of the

world. .. ....................... .

B. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences using appropriate forms from the box.

Adjective	Noun	Adverb	Verb
wonderful	wonder	wonderfully	wonder
united	unity	unitedly	unite
defensive	defense	---	defend
extensive	extension	extensively	extend
invasive	invasion	---	invade
marvelous	marvel	marvelously	marvel

1.a. The Great Wall of China is one of the seven ................................ of the world.

b.The child's skill is ................................ for his age.

c.He could do nothing except stand and ................................. .

d.Their life together has been ................................. happy.

2.a. He ordered the army to ........................... early in the morning.

b.Many people suffered ............................. by enemy forces.

c.The ............................ soldiers occupied the whole town.

3.a. National ........................ is essential in wartime.

b.We all should .............................. to fight poverty.

c.The .......................... Nations is an international organization of many countries

working for peace throughout the world.

d.If you don't withstand enemy attacks ............................... you will lose the war.

4.a. The tourists ......................... at the beauty of the castle.

b.The young chess player won the game ................................. .

c.It's alan ............................ that he escaped unhurt in the accident.

d.I really enjoy his novels; he's alan ................................. writer.

5.a. The army is strengthening its ............................. weapon system.

b.Many died in ............................. of their country.

c.When the dog attacked me, I ................................ myself with a stick.

6.a. The ........................ of the garden will take several weeks.

b.He has travelled .............................. in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

c.She has alan ............................. knowledge of the subject.

d.They are planning to ............................... the railway.

III. Cloze

Find words from the text to fill in the blanks with the given paragraph numbers.

The Great Wall of China is one of the seven Wonders of the World. To

build the Great Wall, people needed to work together in (2) ................................... and

help each other. Every (3) ..................... who worked on the wall was skilled, and

many different materials were used. As a result, the Great Wall has (5) ............... thousands of years of bad weather as well as the attacks of invading

armies. Its (5) .................. design is so solid that it will most likely last forever.

Over the years, new parts, (4) ....................... , were added to the wall and this

made the Great Wall very long. Still, it did not always serve as alan (3)

............... structure against attackers. The (3) ..................... that wandered the desert

were determined to win control of China. In spite of the wall, they sometimes

gained control of the land through military (4) ........................ .

Today, tourists from all over the world travel to see the Great Wall. A traveler in a plane could see it snake and loop for some 3,700 miles across

valleys, mountains, and other (5) ....................... It is alan (5) ................... sight, filling

all who see it with wonder.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table about the Great Wall of China.

Why built	How built		What happened
Why built	How built		afterwards
1.	1.	I.
2.	2.	2.
		3.

____ UNIT 19

Pre-Reading Task

1. Marathon swimmers swim for a long time. Do you know how long they swim?

2. Do you know a swimmer who has swum a distance of 130 miles without stopping anywhere?

3. Is swimming marathon for men, women, or both?

Not Even Sharks!

Swimming is one of the world's most difficult sports. Swimmers must propel their bodies through the water nonstop for many hours, sometimes even for days. Swimming for long periods oftime can be :-;;v111z111g. Besides, experiencing great pain and becoming very tired numbs the ability to taste and to feel. The eyes behind goggles can barely see. The swimming cap cuts off sound.

2 These painful conditions would dishearten most swimmers, but marathon

swimmers have a special kind of courage. In addition to aptitude, or natural ability, they have a special attitude. They wish to excel, to set new records of achievement no matter how difficult the task may be. Marathon swimmers want to push their bodies and minds to the limits of human endurance.

3 Diana Nyad is a marathon swimmer who hoped to win acclaim by

breaking previous records. Her bid for fame involved trying to swim nonstop from Cuba to Florida. This 130-mile trip would take 60 to 65 hours. Few swimmers have the stamina to swim for over two days straight. But Diana Nyad is no ordinary swimmer!

4 Swimming for so many hours without rest or sleep can cause terrible

pain. Also, the waters are full of sharks. Jellyfish can give painful bites. The rough sea can cause seasickness. But none of these adverse conditions stopped Diana Nyad. She wanted to test her powers.

5 After a year of training, Nyad began her swim on August 13, 1978.

Weather conditions were terrible. There was too much wind and the waves were high. Nyad had to battle acute seasickness. Despite feeling extremely ill, she managed to swim 70 miles in 41 hours and 47 minutes. But she had to stop before reaching Florida.

6 Diana Nyad is a tough, aggressive swimmer. No ordinary pain or sea-

sickness would have stopped her from completing the swim. Only one thing could and did defeat Diana Nyad. The bad weather made it impossible for her to reach her goal. Even so, Nyad was praised worldwide for her bravery and endurance. She had tackled and nearly overcome a most difficult obstacle.

I. Comprehension Check

1. Which of the following is untrue concerning the painful conditions that marathon swimmers must tolerate?

a. They have to swim through the water with no stop for a long time.

b. They must bear pain and tiredness.

c. They may lose the sensitivity of their senses.

d. Their ability to taste and feel is hardly damaged.

2. What is it that makes marathon swimmers highly courageous for swimming?

a. their aptitude

c. their utmost endeavors

b. their attitude

d. a combination of the above qualities

3. What i: true about Diana Nyad?

a. her nonstop swim from Cuba to Florida

b. being an ordinary simmer

c. swimming 130 miles

d. her attempt to swim nonstop from Cuba to Florida

4. What terrible conditions stopped Nyad from reaching her goal?

a. sharks in the sea

b. biting of jellyfish in the sea

c. getting seasick due to the rough sea

d. having no access to food and water in the sea

5. How long does it normally take to swim from Cuba to Florida?

a. one hundred and thirty hours b. sixty to sixty-five hours

c. forty-one hours d forty-seven hours

6. What led to Nyad's failure?

a. her toughness

c. the unfavorable weather

b. her not being an ordinary swimmer d. her aggressive attitude

II. Vocabulary Practice

A Find words in the passage to match the meanings with the given paragraph

numbers.

1. an extremely long race or contest (2)

2. a natural talent, ability, or capacity (2)

3. be better or do better than others (2)

4. physical strength or endurance (3)

5. enthusiastic approval; high praise (3)

6. not favorable; harmful (4)

7. sharp and severe; critical (5)

8. cause to lose hope; discourage (2)

9. causing great suffering (1)

10. energetic and forceful (6)

B. Some words are very close in meaning, yet there is a small difference between them. The words suggest slightly different things. That is, the words in the box have a slightly different connotation from the boldface words. Choose the appropriate word from the box to fill in each blank.

acclaim

acute

dishearten

aggressive

marathon

1.She is so upset that she lost the race, but this setback will not .................................. .

her from trying again.

2.They had hoped to win national ............................ , but they had to be satisfied

with a round of applause from the audience.

3. It was a tough contest, but not long enough or hard enough to be called

a/an ................ .

4. The injury was serious, but not so ................................. that it required a doctor's

attention.

5. He is vigorous and certain of his goal, but he is not ........................... enough to

pursue it.

c. Rewrite each sentence using one of the words from the box. Your sentence should have the same meaning as the original.

aptitude

adverse

excel

stamina

agonizing

1. Many people want to be the very best at a certain activity.

2. They may have the natural talent, but they still must practice .

• ,. •••• a ~ •• 4 •••.••••••.• " ,. .•• ,. ,. •••••••••.•••••••• ~ •••• ~ •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

3. For some it is a painful battle to reach the top .

.... ,. .................. ,. .. ,. .................................... ,. ............................................................................................................... .

4. They must work long and bard to build their endurance .

................................................................................................ .

5. They may meet many unfavorable conditions along the way .

.. .• . . .• . .• .• .• . .• . . . .. . .• .• ..• . .• .• .• .. .• . .. ~ ......... ' ....................... " , .• .• . . . .

D. Find words from the passage and put their correct forms in the blank spaces in the sentences to complete their meanings. The relevant paragraph numbers are given in brackets.

1.Various kinds of small boats are usually .......................... by oars. (I)

2.Her fingers were ........................ by the cold. (1)

3.We ..................... had time to catch the train. (I)

4.He showed remarkable .............. . ..... throughout his illness. (2)

5. Mountaineers from the Islamic Republic of Iran succeeded in their

............... to reach Everest, the Hymalayan summit, in spring 1998. (3)

6.The strike was nationwide and ......................... many people. (3)

7 ................. is usually the result of the motion of a ship in a rough sea. (4)

8.The workers in the factory are ......................... with their employer for a pay-rise.

(5)

9.His speech was not really good. Even a schoolboy could ............................. a better

one than that. (5)

10.The U.N. Secretary General was explaining the ............................. to world peace.

(6)

F. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences with correct forms of the words in the table.

Adjective	Noun	Adverb	Verb
hearty	heart	heartily	hearten
courageous	courage	courageously	encourage
excellent	excellence	excellently	excel
enduring	endurance	enduringly	endure
aggressive	aggression	aggressively	---
praiseworthy	praise	praiseworthily	praise

1. a. He ................... three years in prison for his political beliefs.

b. A test which measures how long a person can resist harsh conditions

is called .............. " test.

c.The world will be a better place to live in if there is a/an .......................................... "

peace.

d.She suffered a bad toothache ........................... .

2.a. The students are much ........................... by the recent developments in the

country.

b.The host gave alan .......................... welcome to the guests.

c.. ...................... is a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through the

body.

d.The audience at the circus laughed ....................................... at the funny tricks

performed by the clown.

3.a. The guests ..................... the meal and ate a lot.

b.We were all pleased with Hadi's .............................. achievement.

c.Amir received .............................. from his fellow-students for winning the prize.

d.The leader spoke .............................. of those who had died for their country.

4.a. A good sportsman must be ....................... to succeed.

b.She was always full of ......................... when she was a child.

c.The general made some ........................... statements.

5.a. At the age of seven, Mina speaks ........................ French.

b.Iran ....................... at producing really fine carpets.

c.He spoke ........................ in support of the presidential candidate.

d.That university is known for academic ............................ .

6.a. He showed great ..................... in battle.

b.It was ....................... of her to oppose her boss.

c.The soldiers defended their country ............................. .

d.Navid's parents ......................... him in his studies.

III. Cloze
Find words	in	the text to fill	10	the blanks with the	given	paragraph
numbers.
butterfly		recreation		strokes	amateur
forward		freestyle		movement	considered
position		side		sport	prone

Swimming is self-propulsion through water. It is usually done as a

competitive sport or ...................... The principal swimming strokes are the crawl,

backstroke, sidestroke, breaststroke, and .......................... The crawl, or Australian

crawl, is ..................... the speediest. In executing it, the body is prone and

alternating overarm are used. The backstroke is done in a supine ............................... .

with alternate over-the-head strokes. The sidestroke entails a/an ................................ .

underwater stroke with the body one ..................................... . The breaststroke is

accomplished in a prone position using a frog kick and ........................... of the arms

from a point in front of the head to shoulder level. The butterfly, the most

difficult and exhausting stroke, is done in alan .................................. position with a

dolphin kick and a windmill-like double arm movement. In ......................................... .

swimming any stroke may be used, but the crawl is usually favored. Swimming

became organized as alan .................. sport in the late 19th century. It is a major

Olympic event for both men and women.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table.

Topic	Your answer
	1. Distance:
What Nyad decided to do	2. Measurement in miles:
	3. Time:
	1.
Adverse conditions marathon	2.
swimmers may face	3.
	1.
Adverse conditions Nyad faced	2.
	3.
	1. Distance:
What Nyad succeeded in doing	2. Time:

-- __ UNIT 20 __________ _

Pre-Reading Task

1. What are artificial satellites used for?

2. How do communications satellites operate?

A Smaller World

In October 1957, the first satellite, called Sputnik, was sent into orbit.

Today, hundreds of satellites are spinning around Earth.

2 Communications satellites are among the most important of these

man-made moons. In countless ways, these satellites have improved life for much of humankind. They have brought people together and made Earth a smaller place.

3 F or us, watching an Olympic competition live from the other side of the

planet was an impossibility just a few years ago. But today we can see a sporting event that takes place anywhere in the world. And from the clarity of the image, we cannot tell that the program - in color and in focus - is coming from the far side of the globe.

4 How does satellite communication work? Powerful devices send TV

signals from the earth to the satellites. After a satellite picks up the TV signals, it beams them back to Earth over a wide area. These signals are received by special "dishes" on Earth. These dishes are electronic devices with large curved shapes that resemble a dish. They transmit the signals, sending them out to be picked up by your television set.

5 Modern satellites can transmit very strong signals. As a result, the

devices that pick up these signals do not have to be very large. Amazingly, people can set up dishes that are small enough to fit on the roof of a house. These astonishing satellites are called Direct Broadcasting Satellites.

6 In another way, communications satellites have increased our closeness

to the rest of the world. Before this century, there was no such thing as an

overseas telephone call. Instead, people sent letters and other correspondence across the oceans by ship. The first phone calls often crackled and faded. But today people can talk to friends and relatives on other continents, and their voices sound perfectly clear. This is made possible by sate lli tes.

7 Communications satellites have far exceeded the dreams of the first

pioneers who launched them. They do more than these pioneer scientists ever expected to make Earth a smaller world.

I. Comprehension Check

1.Paragraph 2 does Not tell us that communications satellites ..................... - .

a. are no more called man-made moons

b. brought people closer to each other

c. have improved life for mankind

d. have made a smaller Earth

2. According to paragraph 3, which one of the following is Not true today?

a. Watching live programs of an Olympic competition is possible.

b. We cannot get TV programs from the other side of the planet.

c. We cannot tell whether the program is in color or in focus.

d. People can watch sporting events coming from the far side of the globe.

3.A satellite communication system does not depend on ...................... .

a. very strong devices to send signals from the Earth

b. TV signals to be sent to the satellite

c. special dishes on Earth to receive signals

d. enough area on the roof of a house for dishes

4. What was impossible before the present century?

a. surface mail correspondence

b. an overseas telephone call

c. sea mail correspondence

d. writing to friends and relatives on other continents

5. The distinction between the devices used in modern and traditional

satellites is in ........... .

a. their size b. signals transmitted

c. their quality d. signals received

6.The author concludes that communications satellites ...................... .

a. have not met the expectations of the scientists

b. were launched by the first pioneers

c. have done jobs far beyond the pioneers' expectations

d. have not really made Earth a smaller world

II. Vocabulary Practice

A. Find words from the passage to match the meanings with the given

paragraph numbers.

1. with wonder or astonishment; in a particularly surprising way (5)

2. human beings; an people (2)

3. clearness; state of being easily seen or understood (3)

4. something that cannot be accomplished (3)

5. across or beyond the sea; abroad (6)

6. letters and other written messages (6)

7. to send out by means of electronic waves (4)

8. done more than; gone beyond (7)

9. a state of being near in some way (6)

B. In each sentence below, there is a blank which should be filled in by an antonym of the boldface word that comes before the sentence. Find the antonym from the box and write it in the blank.

impossibility transmit

clarity

closeness amazingly

overseas

1. distance: Through sharing their thoughts and feelings, the friends

developed a real ................... .

2.Local: ....................... telephone calls cost a great deal of money.

3.possibility: He hoped to prove the .............................. of time travel.

4.Unsurprisingly: ......................... , the magician vanished into thin air.

5.confusion: The ......................... of her report was impressive.

6.receive: A television studio can ............................... a broadcast anywhere in the

area.

in- (also im- before p, b, and m) = not

-ity = state or condition of being ...

-less = without; not having

mit (also mis) = send

tele- = from far away; done from a far distance trans- = across; through

vis = see

Affix!	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
root
in-
-ity
-less
mit
tele-
trans-
vis

D. Fill in the blank in each sentence with the correct form of a word or phrase from the list.

pick up event exceed

countless fade (v.) launch

resemble the globe

spin (v.) beam (v.) set up

pioneer

1.Let's ..................... a coin to decide who should start.

2.There are many races today. The 800 meter is the fourth ............................. of the

afternoon.

3.The sound of the cheering ........................ away in the distance.

4.They have traveled all round ........................ .

5.The 1998 World Cup final was ............................... live from France to all over the

globe.

6.You shouldn't .............................. the speed limit if you're a good driver.

7.1 was able to ..................... the news on my short wave radio.

8.I've told you ..................... times not to enter the room with your shoes on!

9.The newborn child ............................. her two-year-old brother in looks.

10.Do you know who will ..................... the new warship?

11.Can you name a/an .................. in the field of telecommunications?

12.A white and large statue was ...................... in Shiraz to honor the memory of

Sa'di.

E. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences using appropriate form the box.

Adjective	Noun	Adverb	Verb
communicati ve	communication	---	communicate
clear	clarity	clearly	clear
---	beam	---	beam
--~	signal	---	signal
---	transmission	---	transmit
amazing	amazement	amazingly	amaze
---	television	---	televise
---	correspondence	---	correspond

1.a. The Olympic Games are being ......................... live to over eighty countries.

b.There was a break last night in .................................. of TV broadcast due to a

technical fault.

2.a. The traffic policeman raised his arm as a/an ........................... for us to stop.

b. A man .................. to the waiter to bring the menu.

3.a. The secretary at the office has a lot of .......................... to deal with.

b.We've .......................... with each other for years but I've never actually met

him.

4.a. He .................... everyone by passing his driving test.

b.I heard with .......................... that he had left Tehran for good.

c.I find it ......................... that you can't swim.

d.His youngest daughter is ............................ clever.

5. a. A series of radio or radar signals used to guide ships or aircraft is

technically called a/an .................. .

b.This television program will be ................................ to almost every country in the

world.

6. a. I don't find him very ...................... ; he is neither ready nor willing to talk

and give information.

b.Being deaf and dumb makes .......................... very difficult.

c.The officer ......................... his orders to the men by radio.

7.a. The old man spent the whole evening watching ........................... .

b. The Olympic Games are always ..................... .

8.a. I can hear you easily; your voice is quite ......................... .

b.Mr. Sokhan-Sanj speaks with such a/an ................................ that all those who

listen to him understand what he says.

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with appropriate words from

the list.

stationary	period	temperature	communications
launched	improvement	called	atmosphere
provided	principal	transmissions	aid
rotate	orbit	satellite

An artificial satellite is an object launched by a rocket into orbit around the earth or, occasionally, another solar-system body. A satellite in circular

............... at an altitude of 22,300 miles (35,880 km) has alan ................................... of

exactly 24 hours, the time it takes the earth to ........................ once on its axis; such

an orbit is .................... synchronous. If such an orbit also lies in the equatorial

plane, it is called geostationary, because the satellite will remain .......................... over

one point on the earth's surface. The ..................................... types of satellites are

communications satellites, weather satellites, navigation satellites, and

reconnaissance satellites. .. .............................. satellites provide a worldwide linkup of

radio and television ................................. and telephone service. Weather satellites are

used to gather data on a global basis for ............................... of weather forecasting.

Information is .................. about cloud cover, storm location, .................... , and heat

balance in the earth's ...................... Navigation satellites are designed expressly to

............... navigation at sea, in the air, and on land. Reconnaissance satellites

are ................. by a country to provide intelligence information on the military

activities of foreign countries.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table about communications satellites.

Created by Readiris, Copyright IRIS 2005
Created by Readiris, Copyright IRIS 2005

UNIT 21

-----------

Pre-Reading Task

1. Do you know any painting tbat tells a story?

2. Haw you ever seen a social problem in painting?

3. Jacob Lawrence is a well-known black painter in America. What do you know about him?

4. Harlem is a district in New York where black people live. How much information do you have about this place?

Portrait in Black

It has been said that one picture is worth a thousand words. When an artist paints a picture, he or she can do more than just copy people and places as they appear in real life. The artist can express 'personal feelings by the choice of colors and shapes and by the way people and objects are positioned in the picture. In this way, the artist can emphasize his or her view of life.

2 Jacob Lawrence uses his art to convey his feelings about being black in

America. For example, he portrays the lively energy of a modern black family through bright colors and sharp-edged shapes. When you look at his picture, "The Family" you can feel the power of the family and of the builders in the background who are creating the world of tomorrow. But other paintings, like "Canada Bound," express sad emotions. You can feel the despair and melancholy of slavery in the huddled forms of blacks trying to flee to Canada and to freedom more than a century ago.

3 Jacob Lawrence grew up in Harlem in New York City in the 1920s and

19305. He saw poverty and misery, but he also experienced the hope and striving of black people. Lawrence was lucky enough to get formal training in art from professional artists who taught in Harlem. His informal training came from the life he saw around him and from the freedom he was given to try out his own ideas.

4 Lawrence decided to become an artist because he wanted to "talk" to

people through his art. He wanted to teach and enlighten others about black people and their way of life. He wanted to awaken the conscience of all Americans and make them feel and think about the struggles of black people for equality and justice.

5 Lawrence had the rich legacy, or heritage, of black history in America to

draw on. He created a series of biographical paintings of Harriet Tubman and Fredrick Douglass, two former slaves who spoke out against slavery. The paintings portray important events in their lives and reflect their ardent, passionate feelings that slavery must come to an end. His graphic paintings of black Americans remind us in a very real way of the obstacles they have overcome.

I. Comprehension Check

1. What is the main point of the first sentence?

a. A picture takes less place than words.

b. A picture is more expressive than words.

c. Ideas implicit in pictures are visualized.

d. Ideas expressed in words are more valuable.

2.An artist can express his feelings by al1 of the following EXCEPT ......................... .

a. type of colors

b. different shapes

c. the position allocated to the people

d. copying people exactly as they are in real life

3. Which statement is not true about Lawrence?

a. He was black.

b. He showed his optimism about black people.

c. He was an artist.

d. He showed his pessimism about black life in all his paintings.

4.Lawrence decided to be an artist for all of the following EXCEPT .......................... .

a. to show his ambition to the American people

b. to express his ideas by means of his art

c. to inform other people about the bad situation of the blacks

d. to highlight the inequality existing between the black and the white

5. Which one of the following is not true about Lawrence?

a. He spent his childhood in Harlem and tasted poverty.

b. He saw the struggle of the black people to achieve freedom.

c. He was lucky to receive school education in art.

d. He received informal training from life around him.

6.The main idea of the last paragraph is ................... .

a. to say that H. Tubman and F. Douglass were two black slaves who protested against slavery

b. to state that Lawrence used the rich heritage of black history in America in his works

c. to show that the black people made useless efforts to end slavery

d. to say that Lawrence's paintings of black American are graphic

II. Vocabulary Practice

A. Read each sentence. Look for clues to help you complete each sentence "With a word from the box. Write the appropriate form of the word on the blank space.

express despair

position huddle

lively flee

bound misery

strive train

1.The guests ...................... their thanks before leaving.

2.The customers ....................... from the bank when the alarm sounded.

3.She is alan ...................... child and popular with everyone.

4.He ..................... himself near the warm fire.

5.Hamid had no hope of "Winning and gave up the struggle in ............................ .

6.Ahmad entered the college and was .......................... as an engineer.

7.Tehran- ..................... traffic may be delayed because of a terrible accident on

the Q'um-Tehran highway.

8.We all ...................... around the radio to hear the news.

9.Hadi has been ....................... to improve his knowledge of English since he

came to the university.

10.U ntiI recently, slaves all around the world used to live in ........................... .

B. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences using appropriate forms from the box.

Adjective	Noun	Adverb	Verb
apparent	appearance	apparently	appear
---	slavery	---	enslave
expressive	expression	expressively	express
emphatic	emphasis	emphatically	emphasize
emotional	emotion	emotionally	---
poor	poverty	poorly	---
professional	profession	professionally	---
free	freedom	freely	free

1.a. She was too .................... to buy clothes for her children.

b.The students were ......................... prepared for the examination.

c.The artist lived in .......................... for many years.

2.a. Certain problems were ...................... from the beginning.

b.A ship ........................ on the horizon.

c.The sudden ........................ of a policeman caused the thief to run away.

d.The murderer had .......................... escaped by threatening the guard.

3.a. After ten years in prison, he was alan ......................... man again.

b.After many years in prison, he was given his ............................... .

c.The Afghan refugees enter Pakistan ............................. .

d.The farmer decided to ........................... the bird from the cage.

4.a. Lawrence and many others did everything to abolish .......................... .

b. Can you imagine how some people used to ....................... others?

5.a. You will need to seek ............................... advice about your claim for the

inheritance.

b.He advises college leavers on their choice of ................................ .

c. A doctor who gives away confidential information about patients is not

behaving ................. .

6.a. I can't ..................... to you how grateful I am for your help.

b.They greeted the president with many .............................. of pleasure.

c.He reads his poems very ............................ .

d.What a/an ......................... piece of music!

7.a. When the teacher refused to let the student in, he was ........................................ .

disturbed.

b. The man whose wife had died in the accident spoke in a voice filled

with .................. .

c.John is easily excited and is very .............................. .

8. a. To make the meaning of a phrase clear the speaker gave special

............... to it.

b.He .......................... the importance of careful driving.

c.The spokesman denied the rumor ............................... .

d.Mother was most ............................ that we should go.

bio- = life

-dom = condition of being ... (boredom = condition of being bored)

ex- = out

graph = writing in- = not

-ist = one who does something

-ity = state of being ...

-ize = make (sterilize = make sterile)

Affix!	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
root	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
bio-
-dom
ex-
graph
Ill-
-ist
-ity
-ize

III. Cloze

Find words from the text to fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs. The relevant paragraph numbers are given in brackets.

Jacob Lawrence is a famous American painter. He became an artist during the Depression in the 1930s. He experienced poverty and misery. This explains

why he got interested in social problems and tried to (l) ............................. them in his

art. Lawrence learned important technical ski lIs from other artists. However,

the ideas for his paintings were original and came from his (3) ............................ study

of life around him. His 'Migration" paintings show the harsh details of

Southern blacks migrating north. These paintings are so (5) .......................... that they

gained Lawrence much fame. Part of the series was printed in Fortune

magazine. Lawrence was able to (2) ..................... his message to millions.

During the 1960s, Lawrence became alan (5) ....................... fighter in the battle

for civil rights. He was eager to see these rights gained for all. He used his

artistic skills to publicize the fight for justice and wanted to (l) ................................ the

need for social change. Through his paintings, he showed the evil of denying

blacks their rights. His moral stand helped to stir the (4) ................................. of many

Americans. His paintings, which show the strength of black culture, have

become a living part of the great (5) ...................... of black history.

Lawrence teaches at the University of Washington. In his class lectures he

tries to (4) ..................... his students about the power of art. The injustice that

still exists does not discourage him. He refuses to give in to (2) ............................. .

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table about

Jacob Lawrence.

	1.
Purpose behind becoming	2.
an artist	3.
	4.
	1.
Type of training	2.
	1.
Source of training	2.

100

~---UNIT 22~ ___________ _

Pre-Reading Task

1. What do you know about underwater exploration?

2. Jacques Cousteau is a French underwater explorer. Do you know anything about him?

3. How do underwater divers manage to breathe nnder water?

Underwater Explorer

Jacques Cousteau put on his new diving goggles and walked into the sea.

The twenty-six-year-old Frenchman had enjoyed swimming ever since he was a boy. Now, as he dropped under the surface of the water, an entirely new world opened up. An array of fish, seaweed, and rocks appeared around him. Yet despite this colorful variety of sea life, he felt a sense of peace in this ocean world. At that moment, Jacques Cousteau decided to become a deep-sea explorer.

2 The year was 1936, and little was known about ocean diving. Diving

equipment was dangerous, heavy, and bulky. Cousteau began working to make diving safer and easier. He started wearing rubber fins so he could swim faster underwater. Later he invented a breathing system that used tanks to carry oxygen. This system allowed divers to inhale and exhale, or breathe in and out, underwater.

3 Ten years later, Cousteau set up the Undersea Research Group with

other divers who were exploring the deep sea. He and his colleagues explored shipwrecks. They also studied marine life.

4 In 1950, one of Cousteau's greatest ambitions came true. With the help

of a wealthy friend, he bought a research ship, the Calypso. While exploring the oceans, divers on the Calypso often confronted sharks and other dangers. Their fearlessness became welJ known. Cousteau wrote a number of books about their experiences. Two television shows described their adventures.

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5 As Cousteau got older, he spent more time fighting environmental

problems. During forty years of diving, he had seen the ways pollution was killing ocean life by destroying the homes of many fish. From his own experiences, he knew that cooperation is the key to success. People must work together to preserve the sea life.

6 Jacques Cousteau's accomplishments made him one of the dominant

figures in the field of ocean study. This powerful position also made him an important adviser to a new generation of sea explorers. Yet, far from wanting only to give advice, Cousteau wanted to remain active. He told a reporter, ''I think life is terribly short. I would like to do more with these few years I have on Earth. So I have to hurry up."

I. Comprehension Check

1.Cousteau had enjoyed swimming ................. when he walked into the sea.

a. since his babyhood b. for 26 years

c. for more than 26 years d. since his boyhood

2. When he went under the sea water, he sawall the following EXCEPT

a. seaweed b. other divers

c. lots of fish d. some rocks

3.Rubber fins made it possible for Cousteau ...................... .

a. to dive deeply b. to breathe more easily

c. to swim more quickly d. to work heavily

4.Cousteau and his team became well-known because of their ....................... .

a. fearfulness b. friendship

c. experience d. courage

5.Based on his experiences, cousteau realized that is important to

succeed in life.

a. living together b. working together

c. preservation d. fighting problems

6. ''This powerful position" in the last paragraph refers to Cousteau's job as

a. an oceanographer b. a reporter

c. an adviser d. a diver

7. In the quotation at the end of the passage, Cousteau wants to say that

a. life is very very short

b. he has only few years to live

c. he should take advantage of his time to do important jobs

d. he must leave quickly

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II. Vocabulary Practice

A. Find words in the passage to match the meanings with the given

paragraph numbers.

1. fellow members of B profession; co-workers (3)

2. large collection or series (I)

3. to breathe in air through the nose or mouth (2)

4. the state of being very brave; unafraid (4)

5. a person who offers advice or information on a particular subject (6)

6. the act or process of working together with others to achieve a common

goal (5)

7. most influential; central (6)

8. having to do with the surroundings, with nature (5)

9. came face to face with; faced boldly (4)

B. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with a word from the list below, There are more words than sentences.

entirely preserved adventure

generation despite terribly

shipwreck marine

fin

pollution ambition accomplishment

1.Mina celebrated the ........................ of her objectives.

2.Although Hashem and Kazem are twins, they look ............................. different.

3.Few of the early manuscripts have been ........................... .

4.I'm ..................... sorry that I have no time to go with you.

5.He died in alan ....................... off the south coast.

6.Chemical ..................... has changed the ecology of the whole area.

7.They had a wonderful holiday .......................... the bad weather

8.The young man was filled with ........................... to become rich.

C. Find idiomatic expressions from the passage with the given paragraph

numbers to complete the following sentences.

1.The government has ....................... a fund for the families of the martyrs. (3)

2.What dress are you going to ......................... tonight? (1)

3.It's like a dream which has ........................... (4)

4.Those who lead a hard life ........................ quickly. (5)

5 ................. and get ready. We're waiting. (6)

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D. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences using appropriate forms from the box.

Verb	Adverb	Noun	Adjective
explore	---	exploration	exploratory
---	ambitiously	ambition	ambitious
accomplish	---	accomplishment	accomplished
pollute	---	pollution	---
---	adven turously	adventure	adventurous

1.a. This river is ...................... with chemical waste from factories.

b. The ................. of these beaches with oil is due to wrecked oil tankers.

2.a. As soon as the tourists arrived in Shiraz, they went out to .............................. .

b.The ecologists went on a/an ........................... journey up the Amazon river.

c.Some countries have put ........................... satellites in orbit round the Earth.

3.a. Cousteau wrote some books and described the .......................... of his under-

water experiences.

b.The young explorers had a/an ......................... journey in the jungles of Africa.

c.They searched ......................... for dangerous animals.

4.a. Students who work hard and systematically will most probably ...................... .

their aims.

b. Those who are going to graduate this term are planning to celebrate

the ................. of their objectives.

c.He is a/an ......................... poet who has published some really fine poems.

5. a. The company appointed John as the new manager because he is filled

with ................. .

b.He is now trying ........................................ to complete the project ahead of the set

time.

c.This ......................... young manager has accomplished most of his aims.

-al = related to

co- = together

ex- = out

-fu! = full of; able to in- = in; inside

oper = work

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Affix!	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
root	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
-al
co-
ex-
-ful
			-
in-
opel'

III. Cloze

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text. The relevant paragraph numbers are given in brackets. After you complete the passage, read it to be sure that it makes sense.

My uncle and his friends started a diving club. Besides diving together,

most of the members are also business (3) ............................ The club members began

by trying to learn as much as possible about (2) ....................................... . They hired a

professional diver to give them instructions. This teacher would also be the

club's (6) ................... when the group began to plan diving trips.

The instructions started with learning how to use fins, tanks, and weights.

The students (4) ................................... spent long hours in a swimming pool practicing

with their scuba (2) ...................... They learned the proper way to (2) .................... , or

breathe in, and (2) ............................. or to breathe out. They learned special methods

of (5) ..................... that could be used if one diver needed emergency help

underwater.

After the club members learned the basic skills of diving, they went on

their first deep-sea diving trip. They (4) ......................... problems that they had not

faced during their training. They met these challenges without hesitating, and

their teacher congratulated them for their (4) .......................... in the face of danger.

They did well because they were prepared and understood what to do in an emergency.

The divers were always delighted when they saw a great variety of sea life.

On almost every trip, they saw a vast (1) ..................... of ocean plants and animals.

In many cases, though, (5) .............................. was affecting the sea and destroying it.

The divers were so upset by this (5) ................................. problem that they decided to

devote some time to helping to solve it.

Club members invited a speaker from the Cousteau Society to tell them how they could help. They wrote to government officials to express their

concern about the welfare of the oceans. Diving had been their (6) ............................ .

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interest at first. Now, like Jacques Cousteau, they were interested in everything that had to do with the world of the sea.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read the passage carefully again and complete the following table about Jacques Cousteau's life.

Date	Age					Activity,	happening
1936		Decided			to	...................................................................................
1936-		Began		to	.......................................................................................
1946		Invented			....................................... ~ ......... - ......................................
		Set	up	......................................................................................				to
1946		I.
		2.
1950
1976
Later

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____ UNIT 23 _________ _

Pre-Reading Task

1. Can you imagine what you will look like after ten years?

2. Can computers give you this information?

3. Do you know what photo merging is?

Photographs of the Future

A rmssmg child is one of the worst nightmares a parent can have.

Parents try to prepare for this grim possibility by keeping fingerprints and current photographs that can assist in the identification of their children. But police now face a real dilemma because they must search for an eleven-year-old child using a picture that is five years old.

2 Fortunately for today's parents, this problem can be solved. By using

computer art, police can look into the future and envision what the eleven-year-old child looks like. The process works by combining two photographs. Tn this case, the picture of the six-year-old child can be merged with one of an older brother or sister. One photo is placed electronically on the computer screen and the other is superimposed on top of it. Then the electronic dots on the screen are adjusted one by one to form an "average" picture of the two children. The child's photo undergoes a remarkable transformation and in seconds has aged from six to eleven. Of course, the image is only a projection of what the child might look like. But although the changes are only "imagined" by the computer, the alterations are in most cases highly accurate.

3 Nancy Burson is one computer artist who creates portraits by merging

photographs. She became interested in the search for missing children when parents of a missing girl called her after viewing her work in an art gallery. The portrait that most impressed them showed what two famous

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figures of the time would look like in the year 2010. Burson was able to assist in the search for their daughter by updating a photograph of the girl in the same way.

4 While photo merging is used primarily to locate missing children, it has

other functions, too. Plastic surgeons use it to show a patient what his or her face will look like with key components, such as the nose or eyes, changed. In criminology, police use computers to "update" photographs of criminals who have undergone plastic surgery. Photo merging is an example of a new technology that makes a true difference for those who need it.

I. Comprehension Check

1.The passage says that finger prints can be used .................... .

a. to identify criminals b. in the case of missing kids

c. to match a victim's photograph d. to help police find missing kids

2.The police face a dilemma because ................. .

a. they can't find a child using his early photo

b. they have not developed a system to assist them in identification

c. fingerprints can't be used in such cases

d. neither pictures nor fingerprints can help them

3.The computer's job is ................. .

a. to match two different pictures of a child

b. to combine the child's picture with that of a brother or sister

c. to combine the kid's early picture with his recent ones

d. to combine the kid's old picture with that of his brother or sister

4.The outcome of the computer's work is .................... .

a. a picture that shows the kid at a later age

b. an electronically transmitted message to police stations

c. a picture similar to the kid's brother or sister

d. a picture which is quite changed

5.Nancy Burson's interest in the case of missing children began ....................... .

a. when she visited an art gallery

b. when she gave an art exhibition

c. at the insistence of the parents of a missing child

d. after she viewed her work in an art gallery

6.Burson helped the parents by ................. .

a. putting ads in papers

b. superimposing two photos of a child

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c. providing them with an updated photo of their child

d. helping them envision where their child actually was

7.Photo merging has been used in all EXCEPT ..................... .

a. updating criminal records b. finding missing kids

c. plastic surgery d. advertising business

8.Photo merging will probably become ................. in future.

a. widespread b. a crime

c. less accurate d. a dilemma

II. Vocabulary Practice

A Read each sentence. Look for clues to help you complete each sentence with a word from the box. Write the word on the blank space.

identification projection alternations

dilemma despite primarily

transformation criminology

envision

components

1.Fingerprints and photographs are two forms of ............................... used by police

trying to locate missing children.

2.Computers have been used in the field of .............................. to identify criminals

who may have changed their appearance in some way.

3.By "imagining" the future, a computer can create alan ............................... of what

someone might look like one day.

4.This allows a computer to ............................. , or picture, how a person's face

might change or age over the years.

5.The computer makes ....................... , or changes, to show how the features on

a person's face might change with time.

6.The end result is alan ............................. , or complete change, in the original

photograph fed into the computer.

7.Using computers to work with photographs is only one of many ............................. ,

or parts, in a nationwide effort to locate missing children.

8.Computers are ........................ used to project future pictures of children who

have been missing for many years.

9. ................. the amazing work they can do, computers do not offer a

complete solution to the problem of locating these missing children.

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10.Police departments still face the .................... , or problem, of locating a child

who could be anywhere.

B. As you read each pair of words, think about how they are alike. Then find a word from the box that has similarities to the two words. Then write the word to complete the group.

alterations

components

envision

dilemma

1. problem, conflict

2. changes, substitution

3. parts, pieces

4. picture, imagine

C. Rewrite each sentence using one of the words from the box. The sentence you make should have the same meaning as the original.

identification primarily

despite transformation

criminology

projection

1. The use of computers in the field that studies criminals is helpful,

................................................................

2. Computer art can help to provide evidence of who someone is, after that person has gone through physical changes.

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Within a few seconds, a photo of a child can undergo a complete change .

.............................................................. .

4. Although the image created is only a prediction based on known information, it seems that the changes are quite accurate .

.. , ............................................................................................................................................................................................ .

5. Photo merging is mainly used for locating missing children, but it is also used by plastic surgeons .

.............................................................. .

6. In spite of police efforts and photo merging, some children continue to be missing.

~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................... , ...................... .

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D. Fill in the blanks in the following sets of sentences with correct forms of the words in the table.

Adjective	Noun	Adverb	Verb
identical	identification	identically	identify
visionary	vision	---	envision
combinational	combination	combinationaUy	combine
electronic	electron	electronically	---
transforrnab Ie	' transformation	transformationally	transform
---	projection	_._-	project
alterable	alteration	--~	alter
primary	--~	primarily	---
criminal	crime	criminally	---
technological	technology	technologically	---

1.a. This picture is .................... to the one I have.

b.The two letters have been written ........................... .

c.She ...................... the man who attacked her.

d.The ...................... of the accident victims took some time.

2.a. Hadi is studying .................... law at the university.

b.Those who commit a serious .......................... are punished by law.

c. Hamid is being kept under strict observation because he is

............... mad.

3.a. We get good .................... but poor sound on our television.

b.He is a real .................... writer who shows intelligence and wisdom in his

writings.

c.Nobody can ...................... the effects of total nuclear war.

4. a. He used to be very shy, but a year in the university has completely ............... him.

b.The valley behind the dam was a/an ..................... area; it's a lake now.

c.His character seems to have undergone a complete ............................... since his

marriage.

d.The changing of caterpillars into butterflies is ............................................. a very

interesting process.

5. a. Did you watch the program on television about recent advances in

medical ................ ?

b ................ changes are needed in modern life.

c. Japan is alan .................. advanced country.

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6.a. The ..................... reason for advertising is to sell more goods.

b. What does the President's speech ....................... mean?

7.a. I didn't recognize him because he had ................................. so much during the

time he was away.

b. We are making a few .................... to the house.

c. As the lines can be moved, the distance between them is ......................... .

8.a. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is ........................... a visit by the President to

the United Nations.

b.I know little about the factory's sales ............................. for the next year.

9.a. The students use the computer and process the data ............................ .

b.Most college students usually have a/an ............................. calculator.

c. Very small particle of matter with a negative electric charge found in

all atoms is called ................... .

10.a. Hydrogen and oxygen ................... to form water.

b.Pink is a/an .......................... of red and white.

c.This product is made ............................ by several overseas partners.

d.It was the ........................ efforts of the two scientists which made the

invention of the new machine possible.

graph = writing

ject = throw

photo = light

pos = put; place

pro- = forward

super- = above or over

Affix!	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
root	Text examples	Meanings	Other examples
graph
ject
photo
pos
pro-
super-

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III. Cloze

Choose words from the following list to fill in the blanks in the paragraph.

information print having

developing internationally pressing

however international equipment

Since the invention of inexpensive photographic equipment, photography

has grown to be one of the most enjoyable-and ............................. popular-hobbies.

Hobbyist photographers quickly learn, ............................. , that there's a lot more to it

than just grabbing some film and .......................... the camera's "shoot" button. Most

photographers quickly learn that ........................... their own printing lab or darkroom

is ideal. They turn to certain magazines for ........................................ and prepare their

equipment and papers to develop and .............................. their own photographs. The

internet, the ...................... computer network, can also provide these people

valuable information about their hobby.

IV. Mapping Activity

Read paragraphs 2 and 4 carefully again and complete the following table.

Steps in photo merging	Uses of photo merging
1.	1.
2.	2.
3.	3.
4.

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